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Updated: Jun 1, 2026

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An Embodied Paper-Based Microfluidic Al-Air Battery for Enduring Untethered Insect-Scale Robots.

Yun Yang1,2, Tao Jiang1,2, Zhongyue Lu1,2

  • 1College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|May 30, 2026
PubMed
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Researchers developed a novel microfluidic aluminum-air battery (MFAAB) for insect-scale robots. This dual-function battery offers high energy density and extended operational endurance, enabling autonomous robot function.

Area of Science:

  • Robotics
  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Energy supply is a major hurdle for autonomous insect-scale robots.
  • Conventional aluminum-air batteries (AABs) suffer from poor anode utilization and byproduct accumulation.
  • Biological tissue inspires dual-function structural-electrochemical integration for energy autonomy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient microfluidic aluminum-air battery (MFAAB) for insect-scale robotics.
  • To overcome limitations of conventional AABs, such as passivation and restricted transport dynamics.
  • To achieve energy autonomy in insect-scale robots through structural-electrochemical co-design.

Main Methods:

  • Designed and fabricated a centimeter-size MFAAB with dual reaction surfaces for the anode.

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  • Optimized the electrolyte to decompose byproduct accumulation using fluoride ions (F⁻).
  • Integrated the MFAAB with insect-scale robots using a structural-electrochemical co-design framework.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved a high specific capacity of 2697.05 mAh/gAl.
    • Demonstrated operational power output in the tens of milliwatts, powering LEDs, motors, and a toy car.
    • The integrated system achieved an energy weight proportion of 51.38% and showed 2.56x and 1.85x higher endurance than commercial lithium-polymer and alkaline batteries, respectively.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed MFAAB offers a promising solution for energy autonomy in insect-scale robotics.
    • Dual-function structural-electrochemical integration enables self-sustaining operation and electromechanical actuation.
    • This approach significantly enhances operational endurance compared to existing battery solutions.