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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...
Mechanism of Ciliary Motion01:05

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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Microtubules in Cell Motility

Microtubules are thick hollow cylindrical proteins that help form the cytoskeleton. Microtubules have varied roles in the cell. These filaments help form cellular appendages like cilia and flagella, which are responsible for locomotion. The cilia arise from basal bodies, separated from the main body by a membrane-like structure forming the transition zone. This zone is the gate for the entry of lipids and proteins, creating a unique composition of lipids and proteins in the ciliary membrane and...
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Cytoskeletal filaments are polymeric forms of smaller protein subunits. However, individual cytoskeletal filaments may easily disassemble or associate with other similar filaments to form rigid structures. Microfilaments, made of actin monomers, rely on actin-binding proteins to form bundles and create networks of individual actin filaments. Microtubules rely on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) to form sturdy cylindrical structures. However, the proteins involved in forming complex...
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Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures

Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 1, 2026

Light-driven Molecular Motors on Surfaces for Single Molecular Imaging
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Published on: March 13, 2019

"Z-Axis" Thinking: Structural Coding Enables Programmable Motion of Catalytic Micromotors.

Jinwei Lin1, Jingwu Wei1, Leilei Xu1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|May 30, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Chemically propelled micro/nanomotors (CMNMs) now feature tunable, time-variable motion using a novel z-axis structural encoding strategy. This breakthrough allows autonomous control of motor behavior for complex tasks.

Keywords:
active colloiddynamic reprogrammingmicromotorstructural codingthree-dimensional integration

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Chemically propelled micro/nanomotors (CMNMs) typically require external fields for motion control.
  • Limited autonomous capabilities restrict CMNM applications and complex task execution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a z-axis structural encoding strategy for CMNMs enabling intrinsic, time-variable motion control.
  • To demonstrate programmable autonomous motion in CMNMs through multilayered catalytic structures.

Main Methods:

  • Designed and fabricated Janus micromotors with radially stacked multilayers of varying catalytic activities (Au, Pt) on a polystyrene core.
  • Investigated motion transition from inert-side-leading to active-side-leading using controlled H2O2 fuel permeation dynamics.
  • Employed experiments and phenomenological simulations to analyze the propulsion mechanism switching.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a tunable shift in motion from inert-side-leading to active-side-leading in polystyrene-Au-Pt Janus micromotors.
  • Identified fuel (H2O2) permeation dynamics through stacked metal layers as the key mechanism for motion transformation.
  • Showcased programming of motion speed, orientation, and transition time via intrinsic structural parameters (layer number, thickness, microstructure, composition).

Conclusions:

  • The z-axis multilayer architecture provides a novel strategy for encoding versatile autonomous motions in CMNMs.
  • Intrinsic structural parameters can program temporal sequences of motion, enhancing CMNM autonomy.
  • This approach significantly expands potential applications for CMNMs in complex tasks.