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Comparative Study on the Polysaccharide Contents and Antioxidant Activities of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis and Hippophae gyantsensis

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Ginseng Polysaccharides: A Comprehensive Review of Extraction, Structure, In Vivo Fate, Health-Promoting Functions,

Juanhong Zhang^1,2, Qiuyue Li¹, Meiling Ma¹

¹College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry

|May 30, 2026

Summary

Ginseng polysaccharide (GPS) shows health benefits but faces challenges in application due to complex structures and in vivo behavior. This review covers GPS research to enhance its use in health products.

Keywords:

bioactivity delivery system functional food ginseng polysaccharide in vivo fate structural characterization

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Area of Science:

Pharmacology
Natural Products Chemistry
Biochemistry

Background:

Ginseng polysaccharide (GPS) from *Panax ginseng* exhibits significant health benefits like immunomodulation and neuroprotection.
Complex structures, in vivo dynamics, and undefined structure-activity relationships hinder GPS application in health products.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in ginseng polysaccharide (GPS) research.
To elucidate the in vivo fate and explore enhancement strategies for GPS.
To provide a foundation for GPS utilization in functional foods and health products.

Main Methods:

Extraction, isolation, and purification techniques for GPS.
Structural characterization and bioactivity assessment of GPS.
Investigation of in vivo degradation, intestinal uptake, and tracking of GPS.
Development of GPS-based delivery systems and structural modifications.

Main Results:

Recent progress in GPS extraction, characterization, and bioactivities is summarized.
The in vivo fate, including gut microbiota interactions and intestinal absorption, is detailed.
Strategies for enhancing GPS bioavailability, such as delivery systems and modifications, are discussed.

Conclusions:

GPS holds significant potential for health applications and functional food development.
Further research on structure-activity relationships and microbial metabolism is crucial.
Addressing delivery challenges will optimize the utilization of GPS as a health-promoting macromolecule.