Thyroid Artery Embolization for Benign Symptomatic Multinodular Euthyroid Goiter: 24-Month Outcomes from a...

To evaluate the effectiveness of thyroid artery embolization (TAE) in patients with benign symptomatic multinodular euthyroid goiter.

This retrospective single-center observational study included consecutive patients treated between December 2021 and June 2024. Forty patients were analyzed with a mean follow-up of 29.85 months (SD ± 12.38). Primary endpoints were percent changes in total thyroid volume and dominant nodule volume at 12 and 24 months. Secondary endpoints included symptom and cosmetic improvement, recurrence, reintervention, and complications.

Mean total thyroid volume decreased from 118.45 mL (SD ± 36.60) at baseline to 54.78 mL (SD ± 20.15) at 12 months and 46.73 mL (SD ± 15.70) at 24 months (both P < .001), corresponding to reductions of 53.31% (SD ± 12.81) and 60.14% (SD ± 11.12), respectively. Mean dominant nodule volume decreased from 31.60 mL (SD ± 11.69) to 14.59 mL (SD ± 7.12) at 12 months and 10.08 mL (SD ± 4.35) at 24 months (both P < .001), representing reductions of 53.33% (SD ± 16.94) and 68.05% (SD ± 11.49). Symptom resolution occurred in 95.0% of patients at 12 months and 97.5% at 24 months. Recurrence was observed in 1 patient (2.5%), and reintervention was required in 3 patients (7.5%). Volumetric outcomes were similar between cervical and substernal goiters (all P > .05). The total adverse event rate was 35%, most commonly transient hyperthyroidism (22.5%); the major adverse event rate was 5%, comprising 1 cerebellar infarction and 1 perithyroidal hematoma requiring percutaneous drainage.

TAE resulted in substantial and sustained volume reduction with high rates of clinical improvement and low mid-term reintervention rates.