Multimodal measurable residual disease detection in acute myeloid leukemia: From technology to clinical integration

Measurable residual disease (MRD) is an increasingly vital tool in predicting the risk of relapse in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with a growing role in directing therapeutic choices. The vast phenotypic and genomic heterogeneity of AML precludes a universal MRD assay, thereby requiring multiple complementary assays with unique advantages and limitations. This review aims to provide hematologists and pathologists with guidance in the selection, use and interpretation of MRD testing across multiple modalities. Assay characteristics, laboratory considerations and MRD targets are reviewed, accompanied by case-based discussions.