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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Halogens03:01

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene01:13

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Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Solid-to-Solid Zn Anode and Interhalogen Iodine Cathodes for High-Voltage Fluoride-Ion Batteries.

Huijian Wang1, Chengjun Lei1, Tingting Liu1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Chemo and Biosensing, Joint International Research Laboratory of Energy Electrochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Hunan, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 31, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a high-voltage aqueous fluoride ion battery (FIB) using zinc and iodine electrodes. This novel system achieves a stable 1.3 V output, overcoming previous limitations in FIB technology.

Keywords:
F‐Zn/I2 batteriesI2F− interhalogenZn anodehigh‐voltage FIBssolid‐to‐solid conversion reaction

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Room-temperature fluoride ion batteries (FIBs) typically exhibit low output voltages (< 0.5 V).
  • This limitation stems from the scarcity of reversible electrode materials compatible with liquid electrolytes.
  • Developing high-voltage, stable FIBs is crucial for next-generation energy storage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a novel high-voltage aqueous fluoride ion battery system.
  • To overcome the low voltage limitations of conventional FIBs.
  • To demonstrate a stable and long-lasting FIB using new electrode and electrolyte strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Coupled a zinc/zinc hydroxyfluoride (Zn↔ZnOHF) anode with an iodine cathode.
  • Utilized a reversible I⁻↔I₂F⁻ interhalogen conversion at the cathode.
  • Employed an NH₄F-based methanol/water hybrid electrolyte to enhance kinetics and suppress side reactions.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a high output voltage of approximately 1.3 V.
  • The ZnOHF/Zn anode demonstrated exceptional durability (> 1100 h at 1 mA cm⁻²).
  • The Zn/I₂ cells delivered a specific capacity of 168 mAh g⁻¹ at 2 A g⁻¹, retaining 81% capacity after 2500 cycles.

Conclusions:

  • Interhalogen chemistry and electrolyte-regulated solid-state fluorination are effective strategies for high-voltage FIBs.
  • The developed system offers a promising pathway towards high-voltage, long-life fluoride ion batteries.
  • This work significantly advances the potential of fluoride ion battery technology for practical applications.