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Published on: August 8, 2019
Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction using a choline chloride-lactic acid green solvent for gingerbread
Agnieszka Kowaluk1, Dobrochna Rabiej-Kozioł2, Leszek Pazderski2
1Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; Central Office of Measures, Department of Physical and Environmental Chemistry, Laboratory of Electrochemical and Inorganic Analyzes, 00-139 Warszawa, Poland.
Abstract:
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs), composed of choline chloride (ChCl) and lactic acid (LacA), have been developed as sustainable and green extractants for the determination of chemical elements in gingerbread cookies by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Three ChCl:LacA solvents with molar ratios of 1:2, 1:1, and 3:2 were prepared and characterized using Fourier‑transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), and thermal analysis (thermogravimetry, TGA, and derivative thermogravimetry, DTG). The response surface methodology (RSM) combined with a Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize green ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions, including the ChCl to LacA molar ratio, water content (WC) in NADESs, and sonication time. Evidently, there were significant differences in the amounts of macronutrients and manganese between the samples prepared using the proposed NADES extraction and those obtained after microwave‑assisted acid digestion (MW‑AD) and quantified by ICP‑MS. Therefore, under the predicted optimum extraction parameters with ChCl:LacA (1:1), a WC of 34 %, and a sonication time of 40 min, the concentrations of three microelements (Zn, Cu, and Fe) were consistent with the predicted values from the response surface fitting equations. In addition, the decision tree learning model helped determine the optimal conditions for green extraction of these inorganic analytes from gingerbread and validated that RSM predictions are consistent and accurate. The results indicate that the UAE using ChCl:LacA is a promising analytical procedure for the simultaneous extraction of zinc, copper, and iron from gingerbread cookies.
