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Development of Immunocompetence

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...

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Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...

Development of the Oral Microbiota

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The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...

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Imprinting

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Behavioral imprinting is observed in some newborn animals and occurs when they develop strong and specific attachments to another animal (usually a parent) following brief, early-life exposures. Offspring imprint onto parents within a brief period after birth or hatching; this time window is called the critical period. Once imprinting occurs, the bond established between the parents and their offspring is usually long-lasting.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Mapping Infant Immunity with Minimal Input: Integrative Single-cell and Multiomic Profiling

Mapping Infant Immunity with Minimal Input: Integrative Single-cell and Multiomic Profiling

Published on: April 3, 2026

Learning immunology from mothers and babies.

Lucien H Turner¹, Jiahui Sun¹, Alexander E Brady¹

¹Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.

Mucosal Immunology

|May 31, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pregnancy involves shared immunity between mother and fetus, including microchimerism and maternal antibodies. Understanding this immune tolerance could lead to new therapies for pregnancy complications and other conditions requiring immune acceptance.

Keywords:

Antagonistic pleiotropy Microchimeric cell Parity Regulatory T cell Trait selection

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Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

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Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

Published on: August 17, 2022

Area of Science:

Reproductive Immunology
Maternal-Fetal Medicine
Immunological Tolerance

Background:

Pregnancy involves close contact between genetically different maternal and fetal tissues.
Shared immunity, maternal-fetal microchimerism, and maternal IgG antibodies are recognized but not fully understood.
Fundamental questions remain about the lack of rejection between maternal and fetal immune systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore emerging immunological concepts in pregnancy.
To highlight unresolved questions in maternal-fetal immune interaction.
To discuss applications of pregnancy immunology to broader contexts of immune tolerance.

Main Methods:

Review of current immunological research focused on pregnancy.
Analysis of maternal memory immune cells, microchimerism, and antibody transfer.
Identification of key unanswered questions in reproductive immunology.

Main Results:

Pregnancy is a unique model for studying immune tolerance.
Maternal memory cells, microchimerism, and IgG antibodies play crucial roles.
Understanding pregnancy immunology offers insights into fetal rejection disorders.

Conclusions:

Pregnancy immunology provides a platform for understanding immune tolerance.
Further research into maternal-fetal immune interactions can inform therapies for stillbirth, preeclampsia, and preterm birth.
Insights from pregnancy can be applied to non-reproductive contexts needing immune tolerance.