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Related Concept Videos

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a significant...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Prospective, Randomized, and Controlled Study of a Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Injection for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers
04:09

Prospective, Randomized, and Controlled Study of a Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Injection for Treating Diabetic Foot Ulcers

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Semaglutide Injection in Indian Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomised, Phase III, Active-Controlled

Unnikrishnan Ambika Gopalakrishnan1, Ameya Sudhakar Joshi2, Richa Giri3

  • 1Chellaram Diabetes Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
|May 31, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Synthetic semaglutide injection demonstrated non-inferior efficacy and safety compared to Ozempic in Indian patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study supports its use as an effective treatment option for managing blood glucose levels.

Keywords:
GLP‐1 receptor agonistglycaemic controlimmunogenicitynon‐inferiority trialsemaglutidetype 2 diabetes mellitus

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a growing global health concern.
  • Effective glycemic control is crucial for preventing T2DM complications.
  • Semaglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist used for T2DM management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of a synthetic semaglutide injection against a reference semaglutide injection (Ozempic).
  • To evaluate the synthetic semaglutide's potential as a therapeutic option for Indian T2DM patients.

Main Methods:

  • Phase III, randomized, open-label, multi-center, non-inferiority study in 35 Indian centers.
  • 314 adults with T2DM received either synthetic or reference semaglutide (0.25-2.0 mg/week) subcutaneously for 24 weeks.
  • Primary endpoint: change in HbA1c from baseline to Week 24.

Main Results:

  • Both treatments achieved significant and comparable HbA1c reductions (Test: -2.04%, Reference: -1.95%).
  • Non-inferiority was met with a mean difference of -0.09% (95% CI: -0.26 to 0.09).
  • Similar improvements in blood glucose, body weight, and safety profiles were observed; no antibodies detected.

Conclusions:

  • Synthetic semaglutide injection demonstrated non-inferior glycemic efficacy and comparable safety to reference semaglutide.
  • The synthetic formulation is a viable therapeutic option for T2DM management in Indian patients.
  • Further research may explore long-term outcomes and broader patient populations.