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Related Concept Videos

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...
Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses
09:07

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses

Published on: January 20, 2017

Fluvoxamine Exerts Anti-influenza A Virus Effects through Inhibiting Apoptosis Pathway.

Zhaoyan Zhang1,2, Huan Liang1,2, Lei Ren3

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China.

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin
|May 31, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Fluvoxamine, an SSRI antidepressant, demonstrated significant anti-influenza effects by increasing survival rates in H1N1-infected mice and protecting lung cells from apoptosis. This study reveals fluvoxamine

Keywords:
apoptosisfluvoxamineinflammationinfluenza A virus

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Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals
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Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

Published on: April 15, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses
09:07

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses

Published on: January 20, 2017

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals
09:31

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

Published on: April 15, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology and Virology
  • Influenza virus research
  • Antiviral drug discovery

Background:

  • Influenza is a severe respiratory illness with high mortality.
  • Fluvoxamine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), shows anti-inflammatory properties.
  • No prior studies have investigated fluvoxamine's anti-influenza potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of fluvoxamine against influenza virus infection.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of fluvoxamine's potential anti-influenza action.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo studies using H1N1-infected BALB/c mice.
  • In vitro experiments on lung epithelial cells assessing cell survival and apoptosis.
  • Western blot analysis to examine apoptosis-related protein expression (cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP).

Main Results:

  • Fluvoxamine increased survival rates by 30% in H1N1-infected mice, reduced weight loss, and improved lung pathology.
  • In vitro, fluvoxamine enhanced cell survival and reduced H1N1-induced cell damage and apoptosis.
  • Fluvoxamine significantly decreased the ratio of apoptotic cells (Annexin V+/PI+) and reduced TUNEL-positive cells in vivo, alongside decreased cleaved caspase-3 and PARP expression.

Conclusions:

  • Fluvoxamine exhibits significant protective effects against influenza in vitro and in vivo.
  • Reduction of epithelial cell apoptosis is identified as a key mechanism for fluvoxamine's anti-influenza activity.
  • Fluvoxamine represents a potential therapeutic agent for influenza treatment.