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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

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08:10

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Continued co-circulation of multiple human parainfluenza virus type 3 lineages in Fukushima and Miyagi, Japan in 2025

Kazuya Shirato1, Miyuki Kawase1, Satoko Sugimoto1,2

  • 1Department of Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan Institute for Health Security, Japan.

Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases
|May 31, 2026
PubMed

Insights

In 2025, human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) surveillance in Japan showed increased circulation. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed these HPIV3 strains belong to previously circulating lineages, not a novel pathogen.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Nationwide surveillance for acute respiratory infections (ARI) began in Japan in April 2025.
  • Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) is a significant respiratory pathogen.
  • Public concern arose in 2025 regarding a potential novel pathogen due to increased HPIV3 activity and lack of prior trend data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic characteristics of HPIV3 strains circulating in Japan in 2025.
  • To determine if the observed HPIV3 increase represented a new lineage or previously circulating strains.

Main Methods:

  • Phylogenetic analysis of nearly complete genome sequences from HPIV3 isolates in eastern Japan.
  • Comparison of 2025 isolates with historical data and international strains.

Main Results:

  • HPIV3 isolates from 2025 clustered within previously identified lineages (C1 and C2).
  • Sequences showed close relationships to viruses detected in Fukushima (2018-2024), suggesting regional persistence.
  • Some strains exhibited similarities to international isolates, indicating potential importations.
  • No distinct new lineage or novel cluster was identified.

Conclusions:

  • The HPIV3 strains detected in Japan in 2025 are not novel but belong to established circulating lineages.
  • The findings alleviate concerns about a new pathogen emerging, attributing the increase to known HPIV3 strains.
Keywords:
ParamyxovirusRespirovirushuman parainfluenza virus 3lineagephylogenetic analysis

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