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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Synthesis of Hydrogels with Antifouling Properties As Membranes for Water Purification
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Degradation-Function Coupling in Eugenol-Functionalized PLGA Polyurethanes for Antifouling Interfaces.

Chunying Si1,2, Yunbiao Qi1, Haoyi Wang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Green Resource Recycling, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.

Biomacromolecules
|June 1, 2026
PubMed
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New biodegradable coatings made from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based polyurethane (PLGA-PU) with eugenol (EU) side groups offer enhanced marine protection. These coatings degrade effectively, resist biofouling, and show low toxicity.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Marine Biology
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Biodegradable antifouling coatings are crucial for environmentally friendly marine protection.
  • Existing polyester systems often lack sufficient interfacial changes and long-term biofouling resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based polyurethane (PLGA-PU) coatings with covalently tethered eugenol (EU) side groups.
  • To investigate the coupling of hydrolytic degradation with interfacial bioactivity for improved antifouling performance and environmental compatibility.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of PLGA-PU-EUx coatings with varying eugenol content.
  • Evaluation of coating degradation via mass loss and interfacial evolution (water contact angle, chemical, morphological changes) in seawater.

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  • Assessment of antifouling efficacy against marine bacteria (Micrococcus luteus) and diatoms (Navicula incerta).
  • Analysis of leachate for released eugenol-related species and zebrafish embryo assays for developmental toxicity.

    • Main Results:

    • PLGA-PU-EUx coatings exhibited increased mass loss and reduced water contact angles upon seawater immersion compared to PLA analogues.
    • Significant chemical and morphological evolution was observed, correlating with enhanced inhibition of marine bacteria and diatoms.
    • Diatom inhibition surpassed 95% at 15 wt% eugenol loading.
    • Leachate analysis confirmed minimal release of eugenol-related species, and zebrafish assays indicated no acute developmental toxicity.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed PLGA-PU-EUx coatings demonstrate a successful strategy for creating durable, environmentally benign antifouling interfaces by coupling degradation with bioactivity.
    • This approach offers a promising alternative to conventional antifouling methods, minimizing environmental impact.
    • The findings support degradation-function coupling as a viable design principle for advanced marine coatings.