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Determination of the Absorption, Translocation, and Distribution of Imidacloprid in Wheat
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Elucidating Neonicotinoid Exposure Risks: A Structure-Informed Review of Trends, Hazards, and a Sustainable

Chao Shen1,2, Xiaoyan Ding3, Wenhua Rao1

  • 1Fujian Engineering Research Center for Green Pest Management/Fujian Key Laboratory for Monitoring and Integrated Management of Crop Pests/East China Branch of the National Center for Agricultural Biosafety Sciences, Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350013, China.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
|June 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Neonicotinoid insecticides (NIs) contaminate food and ecosystems, posing risks to wildlife and human health. Many NIs and their breakdown products persist, move easily, and harm nontarget organisms, demanding urgent attention.

Keywords:
environmental residuesexposure riskshumansneonicotinoid insecticidesnontarget organismstransformation products

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Neonicotinoid insecticides (NIs) are widely used for crop protection, enhancing yields.
  • Concerns exist regarding their environmental persistence and potential health impacts on non-target organisms and humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review residues of 13 commercial NIs and their transformation products (TPs) across various environmental compartments and food sources.
  • To summarize the ecological and human health risks associated with NIs and their TPs.
  • To propose recommendations for developing safer next-generation insecticides.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of studies on neonicotinoid residues.
  • Analysis of data on neonicotinoid transformation products (TPs) in environmental matrices and food.
  • Synthesis of information on toxicity to non-target organisms and human health risks.

Main Results:

  • Residues of 13 NIs and their TPs were identified in water, soil, air, crops, and animal products.
  • NIs and their TPs exhibit high mobility and environmental persistence, particularly halogenated NIs.
  • Significant non-target toxicity was observed in NIs and TPs, with many TPs showing combined persistence, mobility, and toxicity.

Conclusions:

  • Neonicotinoid insecticides and their transformation products pose substantial, underestimated risks to ecosystems due to their persistence, mobility, and toxicity.
  • The combined properties of certain neonicotinoid TPs present a significant environmental threat.
  • Development of next-generation insecticides with reduced environmental impact is crucial for mitigating contamination.