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Clinical Trials: Overview

Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
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Bioavailability studies are essential for evaluating a drug's therapeutic efficacy and understanding its absorption patterns under various physiological conditions. Conducting such studies on target patient populations provides more relevant data by simulating real-world disease states. However, practical challenges often necessitate the use of young, healthy adult volunteers as study subjects.Patients may exhibit altered drug absorption patterns due to the effects of the disease itself,...

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Patient Experiences With Online Laboratory Test Presentations From Access to Activation: Systematic Review.

Mia Liza A Lustria1, Lovinta Atrinawati1, Obianuju Aliche2

  • 1School of Information, Florida State University, 142 Collegiate Loop, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, United States, 1 8506445775.

Journal of Medical Internet Research
|June 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Online access to lab results improves transparency but doesn't ensure patient understanding or action. Effective engagement requires clear presentation, interpretive support, and aligned clinical workflows for all patients.

Keywords:
clinical workflowhealth communicationhealth disparitieshealth information technologyhealth literacylaboratory test resultspatient comprehensionpatient engagementpatient portalsresult interpretation

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Area of Science:

  • Health Informatics
  • Patient Engagement
  • Health Literacy

Background:

  • Federal regulations mandate near real-time online release of laboratory test results to patients.
  • While enhancing transparency, immediate access may precede clinician review, complicating patient interpretation and action.
  • Understanding patient engagement with online results across access, interpretation, and activation is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Synthesize evidence on patient access, interpretation, and action regarding online laboratory test results.
  • Identify factors influencing patient comprehension and engagement with these results.
  • Evaluate how display design, clinical workflow, and patient characteristics impact engagement.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search following PRISMA 2020 guidance across 5 databases (Jan 2013-Apr 2026).
  • Included English-language, peer-reviewed empirical studies on patient interaction with online lab results.
  • Thematic synthesis analyzed studies across access, interpretation, and activation stages.

Main Results:

  • Thirty-nine studies showed increased result viewing and portal activity, but patients struggle with interpretation and determining follow-up needs.
  • Design elements can aid clarity but may mislead; increased portal use often signals uncertainty, not confident self-management.
  • Disparities in comprehension and confidence were noted for older adults, non-English speakers, and those with lower health/digital literacy.

Conclusions:

  • Online access enhances transparency but not necessarily accurate interpretation or appropriate follow-up.
  • Patient activation depends on display clarity, interpretive support, emotional factors, and clinical workflow integration.
  • A holistic, systems-level approach is needed to align result presentation and support for diverse patient populations.