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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
Hypertension II: Pathophysiology01:29

Hypertension II: Pathophysiology

Hypertension is a chronic condition in which the blood's force against artery walls is excessively high, posing risks such as heart disease. The condition's underlying mechanisms involve complex interactions among the cardiovascular, kidney, and autonomic nervous systems.Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS): This system significantly influences blood pressure regulation. When blood pressure decreases, the kidneys secrete renin. This enzyme transforms angiotensinogen, a plasma protein,...
Measurement of Blood Pressure01:17

Measurement of Blood Pressure

Assessing blood pressure is a standard procedure executed in virtually all medical environments. The method utilized today was established over a hundred years ago by an innovative Russian doctor, Dr. Nikolai Korotkoff. The soft ticking noise, known as Korotkoff sounds, heard while taking blood pressure readings results from turbulent blood flow within the vessels. The apparatus required for this procedure includes a sphygmomanometer, a blood pressure cuff attached to a gauge, and a stethoscope.
Factors affecting Blood pressure01:28

Factors affecting Blood pressure

Several physiological and lifestyle factors influence blood pressure (BP). Understanding these factors is crucial as they are significant in patient education and blood pressure management.
Physiological Factors:
Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure01:18

Hypertension and Regulation of Blood Pressure

Hypertension, the most common cardiovascular disease, is diagnosed through repeated measurements of elevated blood pressure. Its risks, including damage to the kidney, heart, and brain, are directly proportional to blood pressure levels. Starting from 115/75 mm Hg, the risk of cardiovascular disease doubles with each increment of 20/10 mm Hg. The diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurements, not on patient symptoms, as hypertension is often asymptomatic until end-organ damage is imminent or...
Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Blood Pressure Trajectories and Cardiovascular Risk in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Dual-Cohort Analysis.

Jianhong Liao1,2, Yunhan Shi1,2, Bowen Zhang1,2

  • 1Department of Sleep Medical Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.

Journal of Sleep Research
|June 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Rising systolic blood pressure in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients indicates higher cardiovascular risk. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy reduces this risk and lowers blood pressure over time.

Keywords:
CPAPCardiovascular RiskGroup‐based Trajectory ModellingObstructive Sleep Apnea

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A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
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A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

Published on: December 22, 2016

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
09:54

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

Published on: December 22, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Sleep Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is linked to increased cardiovascular risk.
  • Understanding blood pressure (BP) trajectories in untreated OSA is crucial for risk stratification.
  • Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a primary treatment for OSA, but its long-term BP effects require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine longitudinal systolic blood pressure (SBP) trajectories in untreated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients.
  • To assess the association between SBP trajectories and cardiovascular risk.
  • To evaluate the impact of CPAP treatment on longitudinal BP changes in OSA patients.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized group-based trajectory modeling to identify SBP patterns in untreated OSA patients from the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS).
  • Assessed cardiovascular risk using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards analyses.
  • Employed linear mixed-effects models to analyze BP changes following CPAP treatment in the Apnea Positive Pressure Long-term Efficacy Study (APPLES).

Main Results:

  • Identified three SBP trajectories in 624 untreated OSA patients over 10 years: stable (87.0%), falling (5.9%), and rising (7.1%).
  • The rising SBP trajectory was significantly associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular events (aHR 2.84; p < 0.001).
  • CPAP therapy showed a reduced risk of cardiovascular events (aHR 0.62; p = 0.002) and was associated with sustained SBP reduction, particularly with >5.59 hours/night usage.

Conclusions:

  • Rising SBP trajectories in untreated OSA patients identify individuals at the highest cardiovascular risk.
  • CPAP therapy is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events in OSA patients.
  • Higher adherence to CPAP therapy correlates with more significant and sustained SBP reduction.