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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic Poly(I:C)
07:13

Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic Poly(I:C)

Published on: March 25, 2016

Maternal Separation Reduces Hypothalamic Interleukin-6 Expression and Enhances Microglial Activation During Critical

Angelica Roque1,2, Bryan Phillips-Farfán3, Naima Lajud2

  • 1Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Animal, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México.

Developmental Psychobiology
|June 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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Early life stress from maternal separation (MS) disrupts hypothalamic neuroimmune development and systemic immunity in neonates. These changes may increase vulnerability to later-life mental health conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Early life stress, such as maternal separation (MS), is known to impact neonatal brain development.
  • While hippocampal inflammatory markers are affected, the consequences of MS on hypothalamic neuroimmune development and peripheral immunity remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of MS on hypothalamic and hippocampal neuroimmune and synaptic development throughout postnatal development.
  • To evaluate changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, microglial activation, and synaptic plasticity markers.
  • To assess the impact of MS on the developing systemic immune response.

Main Methods:

  • Maternal separation (MS) model in neonates.
  • Quantification of cytokine and synaptophysin expression in the hypothalamus and hippocampus.
Keywords:
cytokinesmaternal separationmicrogliapostnatal developmentsynaptic plasticity molecules

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Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring
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Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

Published on: August 17, 2022

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic Poly(I:C)
07:13

Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic Poly(I:C)

Published on: March 25, 2016

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring
09:09

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

Published on: August 17, 2022

  • Analysis of microglial activation at postnatal day 15 (P15).
  • Measurement of systemic immune response via hemolytic capacity.

    • Main Results:

    • MS altered cytokine and synaptophysin expression in a region- and time-specific manner.
    • MS reduced hypothalamic interleukin 6 at P6 and P12 and increased microglial activation at P15.
    • MS blunted the normal developmental increase in hemolytic capacity by P21.
    • Relationships between cytokines and synaptic markers were attenuated in MS animals.

    Conclusions:

    • Maternal separation disrupts hypothalamic neuroimmune development and systemic immune responses during critical early life windows.
    • Increased microglial activation suggests MS induces region-specific proinflammatory changes.
    • These neuroimmune alterations may contribute to increased susceptibility to mental disorders later in life.