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Related Concept Videos

Entropy and Solvation02:05

Entropy and Solvation

The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for determining a solvent for a given compound is that like dissolves like. A good solvent has molecular characteristics similar to those of the compound to be dissolved. For example, polar solutions dissolve polar solutes, and apolar solvents dissolve apolar solutes. A polar solvent is a solvent that has a high dielectric constant (ϵ ≥ 15); an...
Solubility03:00

Solubility

Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules, atoms, and/or ions)...
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...
Surface Tension01:24

Surface Tension

Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the interior,...
Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
Solvating Effects02:12

Solvating Effects

An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...

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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
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Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2018

Packed by the Surface: Relating Surface Structure and Solvation Properties at Solid/Water Interfaces.

Mohammed Bin Jassar1, Simone Pezzotti1

  • 1Laboratoire CPCV, Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne University, CNRS, Paris 75005, France.

Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation
|June 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Surfaces indirectly impact interfacial chemistry by altering water structure. A new machine learning model predicts solvation free energy using water molecule packing, aiding in interfacial engineering.

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Surface Properties of Synthesized Nanoporous Carbon and Silica Matrices
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Surface Properties of Synthesized Nanoporous Carbon and Silica Matrices

Published on: March 27, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
10:28

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2018

Surface Properties of Synthesized Nanoporous Carbon and Silica Matrices
09:31

Surface Properties of Synthesized Nanoporous Carbon and Silica Matrices

Published on: March 27, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Interfacial Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Traditionally, interfacial chemistry focused on direct surface-reactive species interactions.
  • Emerging research highlights the significant indirect role of surfaces in modifying local solvation environments.
  • Predicting interfacial reactivity is challenging due to the complex interplay between water networks and surface properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively infer interfacial solvation, measured by cavitation free energies, from surface-induced structural perturbations in the interfacial water network.
  • To develop a predictive model for hydrophobic solvation free energy at solid/liquid interfaces.
  • To provide insights for engineering solvation effects in interfacial chemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized machine learning to predict interfacial solvation.
  • Developed a single descriptor based on the packing of interfacial water molecules in the physisorbed adlayer.
  • Constructed a minimal phenomenological model validated across diverse surfaces.

Main Results:

  • Interfacial solvation (cavitation free energies) can be quantitatively predicted from the structural perturbation of interfacial water.
  • A single descriptor, quantifying interfacial water molecule packing, accurately predicts solvation free energy.
  • The developed model effectively predicts the effect of surfaces on hydrophobic solvation free energy.

Conclusions:

  • Surface-induced water network restructuring is a key determinant of interfacial solvation.
  • A minimal model based on water packing offers a powerful tool for understanding and engineering interfacial phenomena.
  • This work advances the predictive capability in interfacial chemistry by quantifying solvation effects.