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Formative feedback to improve pharmacology learning: Proposed principles and guidelines for effective practice
1Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
|June 1, 2026
Summary
Students require timely, specific formative feedback to enhance learning. This study provides pharmacology educators with evidence-based guidelines for effective formative feedback, improving student outcomes and informing AI development.
Area of Science:
- Medical Education
- Pharmacology Education
- Educational Psychology
Background:
- Effective learning hinges on timely, specific, and actionable formative feedback.
- Pharmacology educators currently lack evidence-based guidelines for providing effective formative feedback.
- Formative assessment and feedback are crucial for guiding student learning and improvement.
Purpose of the Study:
- Define formative assessment and feedback and their impact on student learning.
- Provide pharmacology educators with research-based principles and practical guidelines for formative feedback.
- Stimulate interest, experimentation, and further research in formative feedback within pharmacology education.
Main Methods:
- Literature search of peer-reviewed resources in higher education, medical, health sciences, pharmacy, and pharmacology education.
- Focus on effective practices of formative assessment and formative feedback.
- Inclusion of English-language publications between 2000 and 2025.
Main Results:
- A significant body of research exists on formative feedback in higher education.
- Less empirical research is available for medical and health sciences education.
- Publications specifically on formative feedback in pharmacology education are limited, precluding a formal systematic review.
Conclusions:
- Formative feedback is essential for student learning in pharmacology.
- Educators need practical guidance for effectively and efficiently providing formative feedback.
- Evidence-based principles and guidelines can enhance formative feedback practices for pharmacology teachers and learners.
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