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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Development of Amelogenin-chitosan Hydrogel for In Vitro Enamel Regrowth with a Dense Interface

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Fluoride enamel stability and remineralization.

Junseo Lee¹, Minsoo Kang², Cal Thomas Wenninger¹

¹University of Wisconsin-Madison, College of Agricultural & Life Sciences, Madison, WI, USA.

Anatomy & Cell Biology

|June 1, 2026

Summary

Fluoride exposure strengthens tooth enamel by promoting remineralization and reinforcing its structure, significantly reducing dental caries incidence. This enhances resistance to acid attacks, improving overall dental health.

Keywords:

Apatites Bacteria Dental enamel Endodontics Fluorides

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Area of Science:

Dental Science
Materials Science
Biomineralization

Background:

Dental caries is a prevalent noncommunicable disease despite advances in preventive care.
Understanding fluoride's role in enamel stability is crucial for caries prevention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine how fluoride exposure influences dental enamel stability and caries formation.
To investigate fluoride's mechanisms in remineralization and crystal lattice reinforcement.

Main Methods:

Literature-based research with a comprehensive search of PubMed, ScienceDirect, Karger, and Figshare.
Quantitative data extraction from 23 selected peer-reviewed in vitro and in vivo studies.
Analysis using transverse microradiography, electron probe microanalysis, micro-computed tomography, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy.

Main Results:

Fluoride exposure demonstrated a consistent, concentration-dependent positive effect on enamel and dentin.
Carious lesion depths decreased by 30%-50% in vitro and in pH cycling models.
Enamel surface microhardness increased by 15%-25%, and mineral loss decreased by 35%-80% during acid exposure.

Conclusions:

Fluoride enhances enamel stability through remineralization and lattice stabilization.
These mechanisms increase dental tissue resistance to acid challenges, reducing caries incidence.
Findings support fluoride's efficacy in preventing and managing dental caries.