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EEG Mu Rhythm in Typical and Atypical Development
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Using a Developmental Approach to Investigate Behavioral, Neurodevelopmental, and Depressive Irritability Types.

Aikaterini Bekiropoulou1,2, Olga Eyre1,2, Jon Heron3

  • 1Wolfson Centre for Young People's Mental Health, Cardiff, United Kingdom.

JAACAP Open
|June 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Irritability in youth is diverse, with distinct developmental patterns observed across sexes. Some irritability types align with neurodevelopmental or depressive conditions, impacting classification and treatment.

Keywords:
ALSPACbehavioraldepressiveirritabilityneurodevelopmental

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Area of Science:

  • Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Behavioral Genetics

Background:

  • Irritability is a heterogeneous symptom common in youth clinical services.
  • Diagnostic manuals (ICD-11, DSM-5-TR) conceptualize severe irritability differently, as behavioral or depressive.
  • Irritability is prevalent in and genetically linked to neurodevelopmental conditions, but its unitary nature is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate distinct behavioral, neurodevelopmental, and depressive irritability types.
  • To differentiate these types based on developmental course, sex-preponderance, and clinical, genetic, and environmental factors.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N=10,113).
  • Conducted sex-stratified latent profile analysis of irritability across 5 time points (ages ~7-25).
  • Examined associations with clinical, genetic, and environmental covariates.

Main Results:

  • Identified 5 common irritability profiles (low, child-limited, child/adolescent-limited moderate/high, high-stable) and 2 sex-specific profiles (female adolescent-onset, male fluctuating).
  • The male high-stable profile linked to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism traits, and genetic liability.
  • The female adolescent-onset profile associated with depression, genetic liability, and stressful life events.

Conclusions:

  • Irritability exhibits developmental heterogeneity.
  • While often transdiagnostic, specific irritability profiles may align with neurodevelopmental or depressive conditions.
  • Findings suggest potential implications for psychiatric classification and targeted interventions.