Advances in the Management of Mandibular Fractures: A Comprehensive Review of Surgical Techniques and Biomaterials

Mandibular fractures represent a significant component of maxillofacial trauma, frequently associated with functional impairment, esthetic compromise, and complex biomechanical challenges. Advances in imaging, surgical techniques, and biomaterials have progressively transformed management strategies, shifting emphasis toward stable fixation, early mobilisation, and biologically favourable healing. The objective of this narrative review is to synthesise contemporary evidence on evolving surgical approaches and biomaterial applications in mandibular fracture management, highlighting clinical outcomes and emerging trends. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across major electronic databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE (Public Medline/Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, encompassing publications from 2015 to 2025. Eligible studies included clinical investigations and reviews addressing diagnostic advances, fixation techniques, biomaterials, and technological innovations relevant to mandibular fractures. The review integrates current concepts in fracture classification, closed and open reduction techniques, advances in plate and screw systems, resorbable and bioactive materials, bone grafts and substitutes, minimally invasive approaches, and digital technologies such as virtual surgical planning and three-dimensional printing. Contemporary evidence supports individualised treatment planning based on fracture morphology, biomechanical demands, and patient-specific factors. Modern mandibular fracture management reflects a multidisciplinary and technology-driven paradigm that prioritises anatomical accuracy, functional restoration, and reduced morbidity. Continued integration of advanced biomaterials and digital workflows is expected to further refine clinical outcomes in maxillofacial trauma care.