Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A complete tear of Achilles tendon caused by a kite string - A case report.

Trauma case reports·2026

Same author

Pain Generators in Calcaneal Malunion: Evaluation of a Case Series With Mixed Treatment.

Cureus·2026

Same author

Outcomes of Modified Blair Fusion in Avascular Necrosis Following Talar Fractures.

Indian journal of orthopaedics·2026

Same author

CT-based quantitative assessment of talar neck geometry: development of a standardized protocol and reliability analysis.

European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie·2026

Same author

Plan-do-check-act (PDCA) cycle analysis for antimicrobial stewardship of orthopedic patients in trauma center-implementation research.

Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE·2026

Same author

Soft-tissue Leiomyoma in a Rare Location: The Achilles Tendon.

Journal of orthopaedic case reports·2026

Same journal

Functional Outcomes and Complications of Dual Mobility Versus Fixed-Bearing Total Hip Arthroplasty in Femoral Neck Fractures over 55 Years: A Retrospective Analysis.

Indian journal of orthopaedics·2026

Same journal

Prevalence of Atherosclerosis in Femoral and Popliteal Arteries in Advanced Osteoarthritis Knee: A Cross Sectional Ultrasound Study.

Indian journal of orthopaedics·2026

Same journal

Efficacy of Pre-operative Physical Therapy on Total Knee Replacements: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Indian journal of orthopaedics·2026

Same journal

Predictive Value of Radiographs in Assessment of Post-Hemiarthroplasty Recovery Following Femoral Neck Fractures Amongst the Elderly.

Indian journal of orthopaedics·2026

Same journal

Reoperation Rates Following Lumbar Decompression Surgery at Three or More Levels.

Indian journal of orthopaedics·2026

Same journal

Morphological Analysis of Thoracolumbar Vertebrae Based on Age and Gender in Indonesia Population: A Computed Tomography-Based Study.

Indian journal of orthopaedics·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Published on: January 24, 2018

Ankle Malunion: A Systematic Case-Based Approach to Treatment and a Modified Classification.

Sandeep Patel¹, Mandeep Singh Dhillon², Vishnu Baburaj³

¹Department of Orthopaedics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.

Indian Journal of Orthopaedics

|June 1, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ankle malunion is a complex issue requiring better classification. The new Patel-Dhillon Classification offers a detailed system for diagnosis and treatment planning, improving patient outcomes.

Keywords:

Ankle arthritis Ankle deformity Ankle malunion Classification Corrective surgery Osteotomy Patel-Dhillon classification Syndesmosis

More Related Videos

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

Published on: October 28, 2022

An Anatomical Study of Nerves at Risk During Minimally Invasive Hallux Valgus Surgery

An Anatomical Study of Nerves at Risk During Minimally Invasive Hallux Valgus Surgery

Published on: February 17, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Published on: January 24, 2018

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

A Mouse Model of Ankle-Subtalar Complex Joint Instability

Published on: October 28, 2022

An Anatomical Study of Nerves at Risk During Minimally Invasive Hallux Valgus Surgery

An Anatomical Study of Nerves at Risk During Minimally Invasive Hallux Valgus Surgery

Published on: February 17, 2018

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Anatomy
Biomechanics

Background:

Ankle malunion is a frequent complication of inadequate treatment, leading to pain, gait issues, and arthritis.
Current classification systems lack the detail needed for effective treatment planning.
Advanced imaging has improved understanding of ankle anatomy and mechanics.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the evolution of understanding ankle malunion.
To introduce a new, comprehensive classification system for ankle malunion.
To present a systematic management plan based on the new classification.

Main Methods:

Literature review on ankle malunion evolution (biomechanics, imaging, classifications).
Development and application of the Patel-Dhillon Classification.
Analysis of six clinical cases to demonstrate the classification and treatment algorithm.

Main Results:

The Patel-Dhillon Classification categorizes malunions into Type I (Extra-articular), Type II (Intra-articular), and Type III (Complex).
Four modifiers (Arthritis, Previous Surgery, Soft Tissue Status, Syndesmotic Status) enhance classification detail.
A treatment algorithm based on the classification was presented and validated with case studies.

Conclusions:

A detailed, patho-anatomy driven classification is crucial for accurate diagnosis and personalized surgical planning.
The proposed Patel-Dhillon Classification addresses the limitations of existing systems.
This classification aids in standardizing research and predicting outcomes for ankle malunion.