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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running
08:26

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running

Published on: July 17, 2020

Common Risk Factors for Knee Injuries in Runners: A Systematic Review.

Krithika Senthil1, Sarah Whitaker1, Muzaffar Nazarov1

  • 1Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine
|June 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Previous injury history, increased training load, and biomechanical issues are key risk factors for knee injuries in runners. Prevention should combine biomechanical analysis with training load management for better outcomes.

Keywords:
biomechanicsrisk factorsrunning-related injuriestraining load

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Last Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running
08:26

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Published on: July 17, 2020

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field
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Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running
06:35

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

Published on: September 14, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics
  • Running Injury Prevention

Background:

  • Knee injuries constitute 25-30% of running-related injuries (RRIs).
  • Common knee injuries include patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS), iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS), and patellar tendinopathy (PT).
  • Existing research often overemphasizes biomechanical factors with inconsistent predictive value, neglecting exposure-related factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and synthesize evidence on risk factors for knee injuries in endurance runners.
  • To focus on both biomechanical and exposure-related factors influencing these injuries.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted across Medline (PubMed), Embase, and Web of Science.
  • Twenty studies investigating risk factors in adult endurance runners were selected after screening 1883 articles.
  • Risk factors were categorized into biomechanical and exposure-related groups.

Main Results:

  • A history of previous injury (OR range, 1.36-10.19), increased training load/volume (OR range, 1.07-8.94), and structural malalignment (OR range, 1.89-4.12) were recurrent risk factors.
  • PFPS is linked to training load and malalignment; ITBS to kinematic/kinetic variables (e.g., abnormal pelvic motion); PT to training load and demographics.
  • Runners training >20 hours/week showed 15-20% higher injury incidence, and previous injury increased reinjury risk by 12.9%.

Conclusions:

  • Knee injuries in endurance runners are multifactorial, influenced by prior injury, training load, and biomechanics.
  • Future prevention strategies must integrate biomechanical insights with training management.
  • Individualized kinematic assessments and conservative training approaches are recommended for injury prevention.