Evolution of Cervical Cancer Screening Techniques: A Concept of Translation Medicine

Cervical cancer remains a significant global health concern, with disparities in screening accessibility contributing to varied incidence rates. Advances in screening techniques have continuously evolved, aiming to enhance sensitivity, specificity, and accessibility. This review explores the historical, current, and emerging cervical cancer screening techniques, emphasizing the transition from conventional methods to molecular and AI-driven innovations. A detailed analysis of past and present screening modalities, including cytology-based tests, HPV DNA testing, and biomarker-driven approaches, was conducted. Literature from global health organizations, peer-reviewed studies, and technological reports was examined to assess their impact, limitations, and future potential. Traditional methods like the Pap smear and VIA/VILI have played crucial roles in reducing cervical cancer incidence, although limitations in sensitivity and observer variability persist. Contemporary techniques, including liquid-based cytology, HPV DNA testing, and co-testing, provide enhanced accuracy and longer screening intervals. Emerging approaches such as next-generation sequencing, p16 biomarker testing, molecular markers, and AI-assisted diagnostics show promise for improved early detection and personalized screening strategies. The evolution of cervical cancer screening reflects a shift toward high-precision, technology-driven methodologies. Future research should focus on improving accessibility, affordability, and integration of molecular and AI-based tools, aiming for global cervical cancer elimination.