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Related Concept Videos

Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary cation—the calcium...
Complexation Equilibria: Overview01:23

Complexation Equilibria: Overview

Complexation reactions take place when dative or coordinate covalent bonds form between metal ions and ligands. The compounds formed in these reactions are called coordination compounds. The number of bonds formed between the metal ion and the ligands is called its coordination number. Generally, most metal ions in an aqueous solution are solvated by water molecules and thus exist as aqua complexes.
The equilibrium constant of the complexation reaction is represented as the formation constant...
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.

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Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone
08:06

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Published on: February 23, 2017

Reversible ionic aggregation kinetics in concentrated electrolytes.

Zachary A H Goodwin1,2

  • 1John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA.

Chemical Science
|June 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a new model for reversible ionic aggregation in concentrated electrolytes. This formalism predicts changes in ionic associations under varying conditions, validated by molecular dynamics simulations.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Ionic aggregation is crucial in concentrated electrolytes.
  • Previous work focused on equilibrium states and related systems like polymers.
  • Understanding dynamics requires new theoretical frameworks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a formalism for reversible ionic aggregation kinetics.
  • To predict electrolyte behavior under changing conditions.
  • To bridge theory and simulation for concentrated electrolytes.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a macroscopic rate equation for association sites.
  • Showed the equation is a solution to the reversible Smoluchowski aggregation equation.
  • Validated against atomistic molecular dynamics simulations.

Main Results:

  • The formalism successfully predicts qualitative trends in ionic aggregation.
  • Quantitative discrepancies highlight multiple timescales in electrolytes.
  • Identified fast and slow timescales governing aggregation dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The new formalism offers insights into electrolyte dynamics and non-equilibrium behavior.
  • Potential applications include studying non-Newtonian behavior and double-layer charging.
  • Opens avenues for understanding confined electrolyte dynamics.