Eukaryotic cell-free protein synthesis: Chassis diversification, system engineering, and emerging applications

Area of Science:

• Biotechnology
• Synthetic Biology
• Systems Engineering

Background:

• Eukaryotic cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems offer advantages over prokaryotic systems for complex protein production.
• These systems possess intrinsic post-translational modification capabilities and chaperone networks for correct protein folding and activity.

Purpose of the Study:

• To comprehensively review and analyze the latest advances in eukaryotic CFPS from a systems engineering perspective.
• To provide theoretical references and practical guidance for developing economical, high-throughput eukaryotic cell-free biomanufacturing platforms.

Main Methods:

• Review of recent literature on eukaryotic CFPS.
• Analysis of host chassis diversification, core reaction component design, biomaterial integration, and high-throughput equipment.
• Examination of applications in fundamental mechanism elucidation, protein engineering, metabolic synthesis, artificial cells, bioelectronics, and microarray chips.

Main Results:

• Significant progress in eukaryotic CFPS through systems engineering approaches.
• Emerging applications in artificial cell construction, bioelectronic interfaces, and microarray chip design.
• Identification of standardization and cost bottlenecks hindering industrialization.

Conclusions:

• Eukaryotic CFPS platforms are advancing rapidly, driven by systems engineering principles.
• Integration of artificial intelligence and synthetic biology tools offers a path to overcome industrialization challenges.
• The development of economical, high-throughput eukaryotic CFPS biomanufacturing is feasible.