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Updated: Jun 2, 2026
Doppler Ultrasound-Based Leg Blood Flow Assessment During Single-Leg Knee-Extensor Exercise in an Uncontrolled Setting
Published on: December 15, 2023
The effect of blood flow restriction training with different intermittent durations on the post-activation
Xinrui Miao1, Wenqing Chang2, Yulin Yang3
1Department of Physical Education, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Republic of Korea.
Objective:
This meta-analysis aimed to systematically evaluate the effect of blood flow restriction (BFR) training with different intermittent durations on the post-activation potentiation (PAP) of lower limbs, and clarify the optimal rest interval window and related key training parameters.
Methods:
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the impact of BFR training on lower limb PAP were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, and CNKI databases in accordance with the PRISMA statement. The search period covered from the establishment of each database to November 15, 2025. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was used for literature quality assessment, Review Manager 5.3 software for statistical analysis, Stata 17.0 software for sensitivity analysis, and Egger test combined with funnel plots for detecting publication bias.
Results:
A total of 16 RCTs involving 281 participants were included. The meta-analysis showed that lower limb BFR training significantly induced PAP compared with the control group [SMD = 0.36, 95% CI (0.07, 0.65), P = 0.02]. Subgroup analysis indicated that rest interval, compressive strength, exercise mode, exercise intensity, and outcome extracted were potential sources of heterogeneity among studies. The largest effect sizes with statistical significance were observed in the following subgroups: rest interval (2~4 min) [SMD = 0.83, 95% CI (0.56, 1.11), P < 0.0001], compressive strength (40%~60% AOP) [SMD = 0.76, 95% CI (0.46, 1.06), P < 0.0001], exercise mode (Squat) [SMD = 0.49, 95% CI (0.02, 0.97), P = 0.04], exercise intensity (40%~70% 1RM) [SMD = 0.99, 95% CI (0.48, 1.51), P = 0.0002], and outcome extracted (Counter movement jump, CMJ) [SMD = 0.53, 95% CI (0.17, 0.89), P = 0.004]. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of the results, and funnel plots combined with Egger test showed no significant publication bias (all P > 0.05).
Conclusion:
Lower limb BFR training can effectively induce PAP. For BFR interventions targeting lower limb PAP induction, the optimal potentiation effect is achieved with squat exercises at an exercise intensity of 40%~70% 1RM, a compressive strength of 40%~60% absolute occlusion pressure (AOP), and an inter-set rest interval of 2~4 min.
Systematic Review Registration:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42023478585.
