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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 2, 2026

Tactile Conditioning And Movement Analysis Of Antennal Sampling Strategies In Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)
10:14

Tactile Conditioning And Movement Analysis Of Antennal Sampling Strategies In Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)

Published on: December 12, 2012

Assessing spinosad effect on honey bee olfactory conditioning using a microcontroller-based device.

Gabriele Rondoni1, Francesca Napoli1, Elena Chierici1

  • 1Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.

Frontiers in Insect Science
|June 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The natural bioinsecticide spinosad, even at low doses, impairs honey bee (Apis mellifera ligustica) olfactory learning. An automated system was developed to assess learning impairment in bees exposed to spinosad, revealing a significant decrease in proboscis extension reflex response.

Keywords:
Apis mellifera ligusticaassociative learninginsect behaviournon-target effectodour

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Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)
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Published on: January 24, 2011

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Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)
10:36

Behavioural Pharmacology in Classical Conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response in Honeybees (Apis mellifera)

Published on: January 24, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Entomology
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Behavioral Neuroscience

Background:

  • Honey bee health is threatened by pesticides, impacting survival, fitness, and learning ability.
  • The proboscis extension reflex (PER) is a key method for assessing insect associative learning under stress.
  • Automating PER protocols is crucial for evaluating large numbers of insects efficiently.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effects of lethal concentrations (LC0.2 and LC20) of spinosad on honey bee olfactory learning.
  • To develop and validate an automated, microcontroller-based device for standardizing PER conditioning.
  • To investigate the impact of spinosad, a known neurotoxic bioinsecticide, on associative learning in *Apis mellifera ligustica*.

Main Methods:

  • Developed and validated an open-source, automated device using a rotating carousel for standardized PER conditioning.
  • Exposed groups of twenty worker bees to different lethal concentrations of spinosad under laboratory conditions.
  • Assessed olfactory learning via the proboscis extension reflex (PER), recording bee responses transmitted to a laptop.

Main Results:

  • Exposure to both LC0.2 and LC20 of spinosad resulted in a significant decrease (approx. 25%) in PER response.
  • The automated device successfully standardized key steps of the PER protocol for group testing.
  • Spinosad's neurotoxic effects were confirmed to impair associative learning in honey bees.

Conclusions:

  • Spinosad significantly impairs olfactory learning in honey bees at tested lethal concentrations.
  • The developed automated PER device offers a standardized and efficient method for assessing learning in pollinators.
  • This tool can be adapted for laboratory and field studies on various bee species, aiding biopesticide impact monitoring.