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Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...

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Laplace-Pressure-Stabilized Rutile Solid-Solution Catalysts for Acidic Water Oxidation: Enabling DSA-Inspired

Chang Hyun Park¹, Juneseo Ahn¹, Dongho Kim¹

¹Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|June 1, 2026

Summary

Nanoscale crystal size significantly enhances solid solution formation in iridium oxide (IrO2) and tin oxide (SnO2) systems, overcoming previous immiscibility challenges. This discovery enables the creation of durable, highly active nanocatalysts for water electrolysis.

Keywords:

electrocatalysis hydrogen production oxides oxygen evolution reaction rutile water oxidation

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Inorganic Chemistry
Electrochemistry

Background:

Early studies showed immiscibility in rutile-type IrO2-TiO2 and IrO2-SnO2 systems despite structural and ionic similarities.
Thermodynamic challenges limit the formation of IrO2-based solid solutions, particularly with oxides of different structures.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effect of crystal size on the miscibility of IrO2-based systems.
To explore the synthesis and properties of nanoscale solid solutions for catalytic applications.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of rutile-type (Ir, M)O2 and (Sn, M)O2 solid solutions with varying crystal sizes (down to 10 nm).
Characterization of solid solution formation using techniques sensitive to crystal size and composition.
Electrochemical testing of synthesized nanocrystals for catalytic activity and durability in oxygen evolution reaction.

Main Results:

Single-phase rutile solid solutions (Ir, M)O2 and (Sn, M)O2 containing up to 30 at.% M were formed at nanoscale (<10 nm).
Submicron crystals showed immiscible behavior, confirming the critical role of crystal size.
Complete solid solutions were achieved in the nanoscale IrO2-SnO2 system.
Synthesized quaternary nanocrystals exhibited high corrosion resistance and catalytic activity, comparable to IrO2 despite lower Ir content.

Conclusions:

High Laplace pressure in nanocrystals significantly enhances miscibility in IrO2-based systems, a general phenomenon.
Nanoscale engineering of solid solutions offers a pathway to develop cost-effective and high-performance catalysts for acidic water electrolysis.