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Eye Movement Patterns Under Exposure to Spatial Disorientation Illusions During Simulated Flight.

Maya Harel^1,2, Idan Nakdimon¹, Alon Itzkovich³

¹The Israeli Air Force Aeromedical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel.

|June 1, 2026

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This summary is machine-generated.

Pilots can avoid spatial disorientation (SD) by adjusting their gaze. Focusing on the instrument panel helps with visual illusions, while increased head-up display (HUD) use aids in preventing vestibular illusions.

Area of Science:

Aviation Psychology
Human Factors Engineering
Neuroscience

Background:

Spatial disorientation (SD) is a significant factor in aviation accidents, often caused by misinterpretation of sensory cues.
Current methods lack objective tools to detect SD in real-time.
Understanding eye movement patterns could provide insights into SD mitigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify specific eye movement patterns correlated with spatial disorientation (SD) events.
To differentiate these patterns based on the type of sensory illusion (vestibular vs. visual).
To inform the development of objective SD detection and prevention strategies.

Main Methods:

Eye movements of 45 participants were recorded in a specialized flight simulator inducing SD.

Keywords:

crew behavior eye movements pilot simulation and training situation awareness spatial disorientation tracking

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Gaze metrics (fixations, saccades, visits) were analyzed and compared between participants who experienced SD and those who did not.

Statistical analyses identified significant differences in eye movement patterns during visual and vestibular illusions.

Main Results:

48% of flight profiles resulted in recorded SD events.
During visual illusions, frequent instrument panel checks correlated with a higher likelihood of avoiding SD.
During vestibular illusions, increased head-up display (HUD) examination correlated with a lower probability of SD occurrence.

Conclusions:

Effective SD mitigation requires tailored eye movement strategies depending on the illusion type.
Training should emphasize instrument panel focus for visual illusions and HUD engagement for vestibular illusions.
Findings support the development of real-time SD alert systems and improved pilot training programs.