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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT01:25

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT

Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System V: CT01:28

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System V: CT

Cardiac computed tomography (CT) scanning is an advanced cardiac imaging technique that utilizes CT technology, with or without intravenous (IV) contrast, to produce accurate cross-sectional virtual slices of specific areas of the heart, coronary circulation, and major blood vessels such as the aorta, pulmonary veins, and arteries. The computer processes these slices to generate three-dimensional images. Multidetector CT (MDCT) is a rapid form of CT scanning that captures multiple slices...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray01:20

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray

The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
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An X-ray, or radiograph, is a non-invasive method that uses ionizing radiation to take images of internal structures. It is mainly used in cardiac imaging to examine the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, aiming to identify abnormalities in the heart's size, shape, and position, such as heart failure, congenital defects, and vascular...
Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Identifying Coronary Artery Calcification on Non-gated Computed Tomography Scans
04:40

Identifying Coronary Artery Calcification on Non-gated Computed Tomography Scans

Published on: August 28, 2018

Sub-Agatston Coronary Calcification on Non-Contrast Cardiac CT and Cardiovascular Risk.

Prerna Singh1, Ammar Hoori1, Juhwan Lee1

  • 1Case Western Reserve University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, OH.

European Journal of Preventive Cardiology
|June 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new Vulnerable Calcium Index (VCI) effectively identifies sub-Agatston coronary artery calcification (CAC) linked to high-risk plaque. This index independently improves major adverse cardiac event (MACE) prediction, enhancing cardiovascular risk stratification.

Keywords:
AtheroscleroticCoronary Artery CalcificationMyocardial InfarctionPlaquePrimary PreventionRisk AssessmentTomographyX-Ray Computed

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Novel Quantification Protocol for Cardiovascular Calcification Progression Using Longitudinal MicroPET/MicroCT Images
08:02

Novel Quantification Protocol for Cardiovascular Calcification Progression Using Longitudinal MicroPET/MicroCT Images

Published on: November 15, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Imaging
  • Radiology
  • Preventive Cardiology

Background:

  • Coronary artery calcification (CAC) assessed by CT calcium scoring (CTCS) is a marker of atherosclerosis.
  • Sub-Agatston CAC, below the standard detection threshold, may also contribute to cardiovascular risk.
  • High-risk plaque (HRP) features on coronary CT angiography (CCTA) indicate vulnerable atherosclerosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the Vulnerable Calcium Index (VCI) for quantifying sub-Agatston CAC on CTCS.
  • To assess the association of VCI with major adverse cardiac events (MACE).
  • To evaluate the correlation between VCI and HRP features on CCTA.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 1837 asymptomatic individuals (CLARIFY CTCS registry) and 1075 chest pain patients (SCOT-HEART trial).
  • Development of VCI to quantify proportional CAC mass increase below the Agatston threshold.
  • Cox regression models adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors; assessment of VCI and HRP in paired CTCS/CCTA data.

Main Results:

  • VCI independently predicted MACE in both cohorts (adjusted HRs 1.12 and 1.16 per VCI unit, p=0.02 for both).
  • Addition of VCI significantly improved model discrimination (C-index) and risk reclassification (NRI) for MACE.
  • VCI was associated with all HRP features in the SCOT-HEART cohort (OR 1.45-1.85, p<0.001), independent of Agatston score.

Conclusions:

  • VCI quantifies sub-Agatston CAC associated with HRP and independently predicts MACE.
  • VCI improves cardiovascular risk stratification beyond the traditional Agatston score.
  • Incorporating VCI into CAC reporting may refine preventive strategies for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.