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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Cancer02:18

Cancer

Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...

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Translationally-Relevant Tumor Resection Model for Murine Preclinical Models of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Tumor-Agnostic Therapies: Translating Scientific Breakthroughs Into Global Implementation.

Jia Liu1,2,3, Juliana Beal4, Niamh Coleman5,6,7

  • 1The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology
|June 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Tumor-agnostic therapies offer new cancer treatment options but face global access challenges. A framework is proposed to improve equitable biomarker testing, clinical trials, and workforce development for wider patient benefit.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genomics
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Cancer treatment is shifting towards precision medicine, utilizing tumor-agnostic therapies based on molecular characteristics rather than tumor origin.
  • The US Food and Drug Administration's 2017 approval of pembrolizumab marked a turning point, leading to nine approved tumor-agnostic drugs that benefit patients with rare cancers and actionable genomic alterations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the global landscape of tumor-agnostic drug approvals, regulatory pathways, and implementation.
  • To identify barriers to access across regulatory, reimbursement, infrastructure, and workforce domains.
  • To propose a framework for equitable implementation of these advanced therapies.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive review of tumor-agnostic drug approvals and implementation experiences across Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East.
  • Analysis of barriers to access, including regulatory hurdles, reimbursement issues, infrastructure limitations, and workforce shortages.
  • Development of a conceptual framework for equitable implementation based on identified challenges.

Main Results:

  • Access to tumor-agnostic therapies is inconsistent globally, with less than 50% of eligible patients receiving matched treatments even in high-resource settings.
  • Europe faces fragmented national reimbursement decisions despite centralized regulatory approval, causing access delays.
  • Asia-Pacific shows growth but struggles with urban-rural disparities, while Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East face fundamental infrastructure and workforce barriers.

Conclusions:

  • Equitable implementation requires a four-pillar framework: comprehensive biomarker testing, innovative clinical trials, harmonized regulatory and reimbursement mechanisms, and investment in a genomically competent workforce.
  • International initiatives like Project Orbis show promise for regulatory convergence.
  • Coordinated global strategies are essential to bridge the gap between genomic innovation and geographic accessibility, ensuring all patients benefit from tumor-agnostic therapies.