Pediatric Clinical Images Without Consent: A Governance Gap in the Long-Term Reuse of Health Data in Digital Health...

Digital health governance frameworks have primarily focused on prospective safeguards, including informed consent at the point of data collection, lawful processing, and data security. Comparatively less attention has been devoted to the long-term circulation of legacy clinical materials, particularly pediatric clinical images reused across educational and digital infrastructures. This viewpoint examines governance challenges associated with the prolonged educational and digital reuse of pediatric clinical images without identifiable evidence of consent. Drawing on a longitudinal case spanning more than 3 decades (1991-2026), this article illustrates how clinical images may continue circulating across textbooks, educational repositories, conference materials, e-books, and online teaching platforms long after their original creation and publication context. The case is informed by archival educational materials, institutional correspondence, publisher communications, and formal regulatory findings, including a decision issued by the Polish Patient Rights Ombudsman confirming continuing violations related to dissemination of intimate pediatric clinical images without identifiable consent. This article argues that current digital health governance frameworks remain insufficiently equipped to address persistence, traceability, provenance, and coordinated withdrawal of legacy clinical materials once they enter distributed educational ecosystems. Fragmented accountability across health care institutions, publishers, educational systems, libraries, repositories, and digital platforms may allow sensitive clinical materials to remain accessible despite regulatory intervention or removal requests. The article further discusses how publicly accessible educational materials may become incorporated into downstream artificial intelligence and machine learning ecosystems through digitization, aggregation, web scraping, and secondary dataset reuse. In this context, unresolved historical consent deficiencies may become embedded within artificial intelligence-enabled infrastructures without effective provenance tracking or remediation mechanisms. To address these limitations, this viewpoint proposes a lifecycle-oriented governance framework emphasizing long-term consent traceability, provenance-aware dissemination systems, verification checkpoints before reuse or republication, periodic review of legacy educational archives, and coordinated cross-platform withdrawal procedures.