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Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area.
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the timing and level of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries

HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries

Published on: March 31, 2019

NuRD-enabled CTCF-TET crosstalk orchestrates epigenome reprogramming and genome architecture.

Wenju Sun¹, Nan Wu², Minhui Xia³

¹School of Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.

|June 1, 2026

Summary

The nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex is essential for CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) to bind chromatin. NuRD mediates interactions that maintain DNA hypomethylation, crucial for gene activation and proper cell development.

Keywords:

CTCF DNA methylation NuRD TET genome architecture stem cell differentiation

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An Engineered Split-TET2 Enzyme for Chemical-inducible DNA Hydroxymethylation and Epigenetic Remodeling

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In-Nucleus Hi-C in Drosophila Cells

In-Nucleus Hi-C in Drosophila Cells

Published on: September 15, 2021

Area of Science:

Epigenetics
Molecular Biology
Genomics

Background:

CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a key transcription factor regulating genome architecture.
CTCF binding sites are characterized by ordered nucleosomes and DNA hypomethylation.
The mechanisms establishing this epigenetic landscape at CTCF sites are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the interplay between DNA methylation and CTCF binding at base-pair resolution.
To elucidate the role of the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex in CTCF-chromatin interactions.
To understand how NuRD influences the epigenetic landscape and gene regulation.

Main Methods:

Development of a GpC methylation-assisted tracing (G-MAT) approach.
Analysis of CTCF-chromatin interactions in relation to DNA methylation patterns.
Investigation of NuRD complex function in CTCF binding and epigenetic regulation.

Main Results:

CTCF-chromatin interactions frequently correlate with methylated DNA, likely mediated by the NuRD complex.
NuRD is indispensable for CTCF's chromatin binding and acts as a regulator of genome architecture.
NuRD facilitates CTCF interaction with TET methylcytosine dioxygenase, maintaining adjacent DNA hypomethylation for gene activation.
Embryonic stem cells lacking NuRD show impaired lineage commitment.

Conclusions:

NuRD plays a critical role in mediating the crosstalk between CTCF binding and the epigenome.
The NuRD-CTCF interaction is essential for establishing and maintaining DNA hypomethylation patterns.
This mechanism is vital for gene activation and proper embryonic stem cell lineage commitment.