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Related Concept Videos

Gas Exchange and Transport01:20

Gas Exchange and Transport

Gas exchange, the intake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the outflow of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, is necessary for cellular function. Gas exchange during respiration occurs largely via the movement of gas molecules along pressure gradients. Gas travels from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. In mammals, gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, which are adjacent to capillaries and share a membrane with them.
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of cells.
Two...
Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway01:28

Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathway

Nitric oxide (NO), an inorganic gas, acts as a potent second messenger in most animal and plant tissues. NO diffuses out of the cells that produce it and enters the neighboring cells to generate a downstream response. NO synthase (NOS) catalyzes NO production by the deamination of the amino acid arginine. There are three isoforms of NOS. Endothelial cells have endothelial NOS (eNOS), nerve and muscle cells have neuronal NOS (nNOS), and macrophages produce inducible NOS (iNOS) upon exposure to...
Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high affinity and are together...
Physical Principles Governing Gas Exchange01:16

Physical Principles Governing Gas Exchange

Gas behavior plays a vital role in understanding bodily processes such as external and internal respiration. External respiration involves the diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of it in the lungs. In contrast, internal respiration happens in body tissues, where these gases move in opposite directions.
Gas Laws Governing Respiration
The behavior of gases is guided by Dalton's Law of partial pressures and Henry's Law.
Dalton's Law asserts that the total pressure exerted by...

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Permeabilization of Adhered Cells Using an Inert Gas Jet
08:21

Permeabilization of Adhered Cells Using an Inert Gas Jet

Published on: September 4, 2013

Licensed to pore: Gasdermins in action.

Natália Ketelut-Carneiro1, Anukriti Mathur1, Katherine A Fitzgerald1

  • 1Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.

Cell Chemical Biology
|June 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gasdermins (GSDMs) are pore-forming proteins central to pyroptosis, a cell death process. Understanding GSDM function is key to developing new therapies for inflammation, immunity, and disease.

Keywords:
Gasdermininfectious diseases and cancerinflammationprogrammed cell death

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Permeabilization of Adhered Cells Using an Inert Gas Jet
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Gasdermins (GSDMs) are key pore-forming proteins that execute pyroptosis, a crucial inflammatory cell death pathway.
  • Activation involves proteolytic cleavage, releasing N-terminal domains that oligomerize to form membrane pores.
  • These pores release inflammatory cytokines and cytosolic contents, impacting host defense and pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding Gasdermin (GSDM) structure, function, and regulation.
  • To explore the dual roles of GSDMs in host defense, inflammation, and tissue homeostasis.
  • To highlight the translational potential of targeting GSDMs for therapeutic interventions.

Main Methods:

  • This review integrates findings from structural and biochemical studies.
  • It synthesizes mechanistic insights into GSDM cleavage, lipid binding, and post-translational modifications.
  • The review also incorporates physiological and translational research.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies have elucidated the mechanisms of GSDM activation and pore formation.
  • GSDMs play complex roles in immunity, inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer.
  • Their functions are context-dependent, influencing both host defense and tissue injury.

Conclusions:

  • Gasdermins are versatile regulators of immunity and disease, acting at the intersection of host defense and pathology.
  • Their involvement in diverse conditions necessitates a nuanced understanding for therapeutic development.
  • Targeting GSDMs offers promising therapeutic strategies for inflammatory diseases and cancer.