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State Laws Restricting Concealed Handguns in Sensitive Places: 2024 Landscape.

Camerin Rencken1, Eric Ruben2, Rosanna Smart3

  • 1Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

American Journal of Preventive Medicine
|June 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

State laws restrict concealed handguns in various locations, but these gun-free zones vary widely. This study created the first comprehensive dataset of these place-based firearm restrictions across the US.

Keywords:
Gun-free zonesSecond Amendmentconcealed handgunslegal epidemiologysensitive places

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Legal Epidemiology
  • Policy Analysis

Background:

  • Firearm-related injuries and deaths are a significant public health issue in the US.
  • State laws restricting firearms in specific locations aim to reduce harm in sensitive settings.
  • A comprehensive state-level accounting of these place-based restrictions is lacking, hindering understanding of policy variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop the first comprehensive dataset of state-level legislated concealed handgun place-based restrictions in the United States.
  • To provide a standardized comparison of location-based firearm restrictions.
  • To facilitate future epidemiologic and policy analyses on firearm laws.

Main Methods:

  • Legal epidemiology methods were used to identify relevant state statutes enacted as of May 31, 2024.
  • Data were collected using LexisNexis, public resources, and legislative research libraries.
  • Statutes were coded for restricted location types, exemptions, and firearm types, with descriptive statistics calculated in R.

Main Results:

  • 450 unique concealed handgun place-based restrictions (CHPRs) were identified across 48 states and the District of Columbia.
  • The number of restricted location types per state ranged from one to 34, with a median of seven.
  • Schools were the most frequently restricted locations (24%), followed by courthouses, jails/prisons, and transportation terminals (6% each).

Conclusions:

  • Restricting firearms in sensitive locations is a common but poorly understood legislative strategy in the US.
  • Significant variation exists across state policies regarding restricted locations, scope, and exemptions.
  • The developed dataset offers a valuable resource for analyzing the impact and variation of place-based firearm laws.