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Gingivobuccal Cancers: Demographics and Geographic Variations.

Chaitra Shetty1, Hitesh R Singhavi2, Sudhir Nair3

  • 1Department of Head & Neck Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Center ACTREC, Maharashtra, India; Department of Head & Neck Oncology, Chandan Hospital, Lucknow, India.

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|June 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Gingivobuccal cancer (GBC), a common oral cancer, is prevalent in South Asia due to tobacco and betel nut use. Late diagnosis is frequent, with advanced stages seen in 50-70% of cases.

Keywords:
Gingivobuccal cancersLip and oral cavity cancersOral cancerOral squamous carcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Gingivobuccal cancer (GBC) is a type of oral cancer affecting the inner cheek and gum.
  • Global incidence of lip and oral cavity cancers exceeded 389,485 cases in 2022.
  • Geographical variations in GBC incidence are linked to local habits like smokeless tobacco and betel nut consumption.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the prevalence and risk factors of Gingivobuccal cancer (GBC).
  • To emphasize the diagnostic challenges and late-stage presentation of GBC in South Asia.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a review of existing data on Gingivobuccal cancer (GBC) incidence and prevalence.
  • Analysis of global and regional statistics for lip and oral cavity cancers.
  • Examination of risk factors associated with GBC, including tobacco, betel nut, and alcohol use.

Main Results:

  • Gingivobuccal cancer (GBC) shows higher prevalence in South Asia compared to Western countries.
  • In India, over 30% of adults use tobacco, contributing to GBC rates.
  • A significant majority (50-70%) of GBC cases in South Asia are diagnosed at advanced stages.

Conclusions:

  • Gingivobuccal cancer (GBC) represents a significant public health concern, particularly in South Asia.
  • Prevalence is strongly associated with endemic tobacco and betel nut use.
  • Late-stage diagnosis in South Asia necessitates improved screening and early detection strategies.