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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Transcription01:10

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
Gene Regulation During Sporulation01:17

Gene Regulation During Sporulation

Sporulation is a complex developmental process that allows certain Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium species, to survive extreme environmental conditions. This process is tightly regulated by a series of signaling cascades and transcriptional controls, ensuring the formation of a highly resistant endospore.Sporulation is triggered by unfavorable conditions, such as nutrient depletion, and is governed by a phosphorelay system. One of the sensor kinases, such as...
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 3, 2026

The Terroir Concept Interpreted through Grape Berry Metabolomics and Transcriptomics
13:02

The Terroir Concept Interpreted through Grape Berry Metabolomics and Transcriptomics

Published on: October 5, 2016

Esca disease triggers local transcriptomic response and DNA methylation changes in grapevine.

Margot M J Berger1, Virginie Garcia1, Bernadette Rubio1

  • 1Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne (EGFV), University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, pa , France.

Journal of Experimental Botany
|June 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Esca, a grapevine trunk disease, causes leaf symptoms and decline. This study reveals molecular changes in symptomatic leaves and distinct epigenetic shifts in asymptomatic leaves, suggesting early detection potential for woody plant diseases.

Keywords:
DNA methylationEpigeneticEsca-diseasebiotic stressperennial plantsplant-pathogen interactionssystemic responsevascular pathogens

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Pathology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Woody plants like grapevines are susceptible to trunk diseases that impair vascular function and cause decline.
  • Esca is a predominant grapevine trunk disease causing significant vineyard dieback globally.
  • The molecular basis of esca symptom development is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular responses to esca disease in symptomatic and asymptomatic grapevine leaves.
  • To explore the association between metabolic alterations, transcriptomic changes, and DNA methylation patterns.
  • To identify potential epigenetic markers for early disease detection.

Main Methods:

  • Field collection of symptomatic and asymptomatic grapevine leaf tissues.
  • Metabolite profiling to analyze metabolic changes.
  • RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) for transcriptomic analysis.
  • Whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) for DNA methylation profiling.

Main Results:

  • Metabolic alterations and transcriptomic reprogramming were primarily observed in symptomatic leaves.
  • These changes in symptomatic leaves were partially linked to local DNA methylation alterations.
  • Asymptomatic leaves showed distinct DNA methylation changes, some shared with symptomatic tissues, indicating a global epigenetic response.
  • A subset of methylation marks appeared before symptom development.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular and transcriptomic changes associated with esca are largely confined to symptomatic tissues.
  • Epigenetic modifications, particularly DNA methylation, play a role in both symptomatic and asymptomatic tissues, suggesting a systemic plant response.
  • Epigenetic markers may enable the early detection of trunk diseases in perennial plants like grapevines.