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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder01:27

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
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A spectrum of distressing symptoms characterizes PTSD. Recurrent flashbacks, where individuals involuntarily relive traumatic events, are a...
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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual remembers mundane...
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System for Focal, Closed-System Central Nervous System Injury
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Threat processing and PTSD symptom progression over repeated combat deployments.

Tom Zalmenson1, Noga Yair1,2,3, Omer Azriel1

  • 1School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.

European Journal of Psychotraumatology
|June 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Combat soldiers

Keywords:
PTSDTEPTprocesamiento de la amenazaresilienceresilienciasoldadossoldiersthreat processingtrajectoriestrayectorias

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Military Medicine

Background:

  • Psychological reactions to trauma vary, with pre-deployment factors influencing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom development.
  • Understanding these trajectories is crucial for effective intervention in military populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how threat-related information processing predicts PTSD symptom trajectories in combat-deployed soldiers.
  • To identify cognitive mechanisms underlying symptom persistence or improvement after trauma exposure.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of 596 infantry soldiers was followed across multiple combat deployments.
  • Baseline threat attention and interpretation were assessed, alongside PTSD symptoms and trauma exposure at four time points.
  • Longitudinal data analysis identified distinct PTSD symptom trajectories.

Main Results:

  • Three PTSD symptom trajectories were identified: Resilient (83.7%), Worsening (10.9%), and Improving (5.4%).
  • Elevated subjective attention bias to threat and faster threat interpretation predicted membership in Worsening and Improving groups.
  • Attention bias remained elevated in non-resilient groups over time.

Conclusions:

  • Threat processing biases, specifically attention and interpretation, predict PTSD symptom trajectories in combat soldiers.
  • These cognitive biases may perpetuate or mitigate PTSD symptoms, offering targets for future interventions.
  • Findings provide insights into the heterogeneous psychological responses to combat trauma.