Morus alba L.: Bioactive Constituents, Pharmacological Activities, and Therapeutic Potential

Morus alba L. (mulberry) is a traditional medicinal plant originating from China and has long been used in herbal practice. In recent years, it has attracted renewed research interest because different parts of the plant contain a wide range of bioactive constituents. The leaves, fruits, root bark, and twigs are known to be rich in flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and related compounds, which underlie their multiple biological activities. Experimental and pharmacological studies have reported effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, as well as neural and microbial regulation. Importantly, the biological functions vary across plant tissues: leaves and twigs are mainly associated with metabolic and cardiovascular regulation, the root bark shows pronounced neuroprotective and antitumor activity, and the fruits exhibit additional benefits related to renal protection and immune function. Owing to this tissue-specific activity profile and its generally low toxicity, M. alba is considered a valuable source for exploring therapeutic strategies against metabolic, inflammatory, malignant, and renal disorders.