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Published on: February 23, 2014

From Etiology to Therapy: A Comprehensive Review of Pediatric Community-acquired Pneumonia

Yachana Mishra1

  • 1School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.

Current Pediatric Reviews
|June 2, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children remains a challenge. This review consolidates knowledge on pediatric CAP, highlighting biomarkers and diagnostic tools to improve treatment and prevention strategies for better patient outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

  • Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of childhood illness and hospitalization globally.
  • Pediatric CAP presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to varied causes and overlapping symptoms.
  • Evolving microbial patterns necessitate updated approaches to diagnosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To consolidate current knowledge on the etiology and pathogenesis of pediatric CAP.
  • To critically assess emerging biomarkers and diagnostic tools for clinical decision-making.
  • To outline modern treatment and prevention strategies for improved pediatric CAP outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.
  • Focus on scientific articles published within the last 10 years.
  • Compilation of information on biomarkers and innovative diagnostic tools for pediatric CAP.

Main Results:

  • Eight key biomarkers for pediatric CAP were reviewed, including C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), serum amyloid A (SAA), and S100 proteins.
  • New diagnostic algorithms and instruments for assessing disease severity and prognosis were evaluated.
  • Seventeen clinical studies were included to demonstrate the current status of pediatric CAP diagnosis and therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating clinical expertise and efficient treatment strategies can improve outcomes for children with CAP.
  • Addressing diagnostic ambiguity, antibiotic use, and antimicrobial resistance is crucial.
  • Understanding the role and clinical value of biomarkers is essential for pediatric CAP management, research, and prevention.
Abstract

Keywords:
Community-acquired pneumoniaantibioticsbiomarkers.diagnosispathogenesispediatric pneumonia

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