Metabolite-Based Biomarkers for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current Research Progress

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Metabolomics
• Biochemistry

Background:

• Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with increasing global prevalence.
• Its etiology involves genetic, environmental, and interactive factors, with metabolic pathway dysregulation emerging as a significant contributor.
• Current research on metabolic disturbances in ASD is fragmented, necessitating a systematic review.

Purpose of the Study:

• To systematically synthesize and evaluate metabolic biomarkers associated with ASD.
• To categorize these biomarkers into five interrelated mechanistic domains: neurotransmitter dysfunction, immune dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota dysbiosis.
• To explore potential cross-talk between these pathways and identify candidate biomarkers for early detection and intervention.

Main Methods:

• Systematic literature review and synthesis of existing research on metabolic biomarkers in ASD.
• Categorization of biomarkers based on core pathobiological functions into five mechanistic domains.
• Integration of evidence to delineate metabolite alterations and inter-pathway communication.

Main Results:

• Metabolite abnormalities are identified within neurotransmitter, immune, mitochondrial, oxidative stress, and gut microbiota pathways in ASD.
• Evidence suggests significant cross-talk and interrelationships between these metabolic domains in ASD pathogenesis.
• Specific metabolite alterations serve as potential biomarkers for ASD.

Conclusions:

• Metabolic dysregulation is a critical factor in ASD pathogenesis, impacting multiple biological systems.
• The identified metabolic biomarkers offer potential for early ASD detection and the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
• An integrative approach to understanding metabolic disturbances is crucial for advancing ASD research and clinical practice.