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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Amount of IR-Active Bonds00:55

IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Amount of IR-Active Bonds

When infrared radiation is passed through a molecule, absorption occurs if the molecule's vibration leads to a substantial change in its bond dipole moment. Transitions between vibrational energy levels, typically corresponding to infrared frequencies (4000–400 cm−1), allow absorption if the vibration significantly alters the dipole moment, making the molecule infrared active. The molecular bonds have different stretching and bending vibrations, resulting in various peaks with varying...
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...

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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared
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Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared

Published on: January 10, 2025

Near-Infrared and Shortwave Infrared Building Blocks for Activity-Based Sensors in Animals.

Tianmiao Wang1, Xinyuan Li1, Lei Guo2

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rutgers University─Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States.

Bioconjugate Chemistry
|June 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This review focuses on designing activatable near-infrared (NIR) and shortwave-infrared (SWIR) fluorescent probes. It highlights a modular framework for creating activity-based sensors by combining fluorophores with selective triggers for advanced bioimaging.

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Last Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared
07:38

Characterization of Biological Absorption Spectra Spanning the Visible to the Short-Wave Infrared

Published on: January 10, 2025

Infrared Thermography for the Detection of Changes in Brown Adipose Tissue Activity
08:16

Infrared Thermography for the Detection of Changes in Brown Adipose Tissue Activity

Published on: September 28, 2022

Whole Cell Patch Clamp for Investigating the Mechanisms of Infrared Neural Stimulation
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Whole Cell Patch Clamp for Investigating the Mechanisms of Infrared Neural Stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Optical Imaging
  • Chemical Biology

Background:

  • Near-infrared (NIR) and shortwave-infrared (SWIR, NIR-II) fluorescent probes offer deep tissue penetration and high signal-to-noise ratios for bioimaging.
  • Existing probes often focus on specific analytes, limiting versatility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the design principles of activatable NIR/NIR-II probes based on modular assembly.
  • To provide a framework for creating activity-based sensing probes rather than analyte-specific lists.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing the modular construction of probes using fluorophore scaffolds, caging groups, and connection chemistry.
  • Illustrating probe design through representative examples showcasing adaptability.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that the same fluorophore can be adapted for various applications by changing the caging group.
  • Showcased that responsive chemistry can be applied across different scaffolds by maintaining linkage types.

Conclusions:

  • A modular design framework enables the creation of activatable NIR/NIR-II probes.
  • This toolkit facilitates the development of novel probes for diverse biological targets and applications.