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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers01:24

Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers

Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...

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Solvent-Free Seeded Dispersion Polymerization toward Core-Shell Particles and Microcapsules.

Yuan Song1, Ryuga Sakabe1, Shiho Norikane2

  • 1Division of Applied Chemistry, Environmental and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1, Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|June 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel solvent-free method to create polymer core/shell particles using salt templates. This technique allows for the formation of unique microcapsules with controllable shell thickness and diverse shapes.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Core/shell particles are synthesized using seeded dispersion/emulsion polymerization.
  • This method typically requires liquid media and colloidal stabilizers for stability.
  • A need exists for stabilizer-free and solvent-free synthesis methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a solvent-free seeded dispersion polymerization method without colloidal stabilizers.
  • To synthesize polypyrrole (PPy) core/shell particles using sodium chloride (NaCl) templates.
  • To demonstrate the versatility of the method using various water-soluble salt templates.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized solvent-free oxidative seeded dispersion polymerization of pyrrole (Py) monomer.
  • Employed micrometer-sized cubic sodium chloride (NaCl) as seed particles.
  • Introduced Py monomer, oxidant, and NaCl seeds into a sealed reactor for vapor-phase polymerization.

Main Results:

  • Successfully formed uniform polypyrrole (PPy) shells on NaCl seed particles.
  • Achieved controllable PPy shell thickness by adjusting polymerization time.
  • Created PPy microcapsules with preserved cubic geometry after NaCl core dissolution.
  • Fabricated core/shell particles and microcapsules with various shapes using different salt templates.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a versatile, solvent-free, and stabilizer-free method for synthesizing core/shell particles and microcapsules.
  • Demonstrated the ability to control shell thickness and particle morphology.
  • Showcased the potential for creating shape-tunable microcapsules using various salt templates.