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Related Concept Videos

Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions01:17

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions

The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
Externally, the cerebellum features a highly convoluted surface with numerous folia (narrow ridges) separated by shallow sulci (grooves). The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by a thin median structure known as the vermis. The...
Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles01:18

Anatomy of the Brain: Ventricles

There are hollow fluid-filled cavities known as ventricles deep inside the human brain. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere, and each has three different projections — the anterior, inferior, and posterior horns visible from the lateral side. A thin membrane called the septum pellucidum separates the two lateral ventricles. The slender third ventricle in the diencephalon is connected to each lateral ventricle via a channel called the interventricular foramen. The...

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Related Experiment Video

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Surgical Treatment of an Endolymphatic Sac Tumor
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Published on: May 26, 2023

Brainstem Cavernoma: A Benign Lesion in a Malignant Location.

Servet Inci, Baylar Baylarov

    Turkish Neurosurgery
    |June 2, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Surgical outcomes for brainstem cavernomas were reviewed in 25 patients. Complete resection was achieved in 92%, with preoperative neurological status significantly impacting results.

    Area of Science:

    • Neurosurgery
    • Neurology
    • Vascular Neurosurgery

    Background:

    • Brainstem cavernomas are benign vascular malformations.
    • They present a significant surgical challenge due to their location.
    • Symptomatic patients often experience bleeding events.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To detail surgical experience with brainstem cavernomas.
    • To highlight the critical role of brainstem internal structures.
    • To identify factors influencing surgical outcomes.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective review of 25 symptomatic patients with brainstem cavernomas.
    • Analysis of radiological findings, surgical indications, timing, and outcomes.
    • Statistical analysis of seven outcome-influencing parameters.

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    Processing of Primary Brain Tumor Tissue for Stem Cell Assays and Flow Sorting

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    09:44

    Imaging Glioma Initiation In Vivo Through a Polished and Reinforced Thin-skull Cranial Window

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    Main Results:

    • 92% of patients achieved complete resection.
    • Preoperative neurological status was a key predictor of outcome (p=0.002).
    • Mean modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores improved postoperatively.

    Conclusions:

    • Brainstem cavernomas require advanced surgical techniques and neuroanatomical knowledge.
    • Tractography, neuronavigation, and neuromonitoring are recommended.
    • Meticulous surgical technique is paramount for favorable outcomes.