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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary cation—the calcium...
The Debye–Hückel Theory of Electrolyte Solutions01:27

The Debye–Hückel Theory of Electrolyte Solutions

The Debye–Hückel theory, established by Peter Debye and Erich Hückel in 1923, is a fundamental concept in physical chemistry. It provides an understanding of the behavior of strong electrolytes in solution, particularly explaining their deviations from ideal behavior.The theory is based on Coulombic interactions (the attraction or repulsion between charged particles) between ions in solution. In an ionic solution, oppositely charged ions tend to attract each other. This means that cations...
The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
Electrochemical Systems01:24

Electrochemical Systems

Electrochemical systems provide a fascinating insight into the dynamic interplay of charged species within various phases. One notable example is the interaction between a membrane permeable to K⁺ ions but not to Cl⁻ ions, separating an aqueous KCl solution from pure water. As K⁺ ions diffuse through the membrane, they generate net charges on each phase, leading to a potential difference between them.Similarly, when a piece of Zn is immersed in an aqueous ZnSO₄ solution, the Zn metal, composed...
Processes at Electrodes01:30

Processes at Electrodes

The electrode interacts with ions in the electrolyte solution at its interface. The rate of oxidation and reduction depends on the speed at which electrons can transfer through this interface. As ions attach to or leave the electrode surface, the electrode acquires a charge, and an electrical potential forms across the interface, making the process more difficult to reach equilibrium. The charge on the electrode affects the local ion concentrations in the solution, though thermal motion...
Theory of Strong Electrolytes01:23

Theory of Strong Electrolytes

The interionic forces of the strong electrolytes depend on the solvent's dielectric constant, which is the ability of a solvent to store electrical energy, based on its polarizability. and the solution's concentration. In high-dielectric solvents and in dilute solutions, weak electrostatic forces keep ions apart. However, in low-dielectric solvents or concentrated solutions, stronger interionic forces may cause ions to pair up as ionic doublets despite being fully ionized. The theory of strong...

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Updated: Jun 3, 2026

Archimedes-Based Glycerol Displacement for Electrode Porosity Measurement in Lead-Acid Batteries
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Voltage Dependence of Electrolyte Additives for Stabilizing Cathode Electrolyte Interphase.

Sven Burke1,2, Renee Wright1, Shuang Bai2

  • 1Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|June 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Vinylene carbonate (VC) additives create superior cathode electrolyte interphases (CEIs) for high-voltage lithium-ion batteries. Lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBoB) additives show voltage-dependent efficacy, performing better as HF scavengers at higher voltages.

Keywords:
additivesbatteriescathodeselectrolytesinterfacesstability

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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications

Published on: August 12, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Battery Technology

Background:

  • Cathode electrolyte interphases (CEIs) are crucial for high-voltage lithium-ion battery performance.
  • Electrolyte additives like vinylene carbonate (VC) and lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBoB) are used to form stable CEIs.
  • Understanding additive behavior at different operating voltages is essential for battery development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the performance of CEIs formed with VC and LiBoB at elevated voltages (4.3 V and 4.5 V).
  • To investigate the voltage-dependent efficacy of LiBoB as a hydrofluoric acid (HF) scavenger.
  • To determine the optimal selection criteria for electrolyte additives based on operating voltage.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative electrochemical cycling of lithium-ion cells with Gen2, Gen2 + VC, and Gen2 + LiBoB electrolytes.
  • Analysis of CEI composition (fluorine-rich vs. organic) after cycling at 4.3 V.
  • Evaluation of cycling performance and capacity retention at 4.3 V and 4.5 V.

Main Results:

  • At 4.3 V, Gen2 + VC formed a thin organic CEI with 75.0% capacity retention (1000 cycles), outperforming Gen2 + LiBoB (24.4% retention, 460 cycles) which formed a thick, fluorine-rich CEI.
  • At 4.5 V, Gen2 + LiBoB showed superior cycling (84.2% retention, 200 cycles) compared to Gen2 + VC (78.5% retention, 200 cycles) and Gen2 (59.5% retention, 200 cycles).
  • LiBoB's effectiveness as an HF scavenger is voltage-dependent, showing benefits primarily above 4.5 V.

Conclusions:

  • The efficacy of electrolyte additives is strongly dependent on the operating voltage.
  • Gen2 + VC is superior for stable CEI formation at 4.3 V, while Gen2 + LiBoB excels as an HF scavenger at 4.5 V.
  • Operating voltage must be a key consideration when selecting electrolyte additives for robust CEI formation and high-performance batteries.