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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Action Potential01:30

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials
Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase of...
Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T...
ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...

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Early Repolarization in Young Athletes: Prevalence and Sex-Specific Patterns.

Birane A Kane1, Albane B R Maggio2, Cecilia Craviari1

  • 1Cardiology Service, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.

Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine : Official Journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine
|June 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Early repolarization pattern (ERP) affects 14.5% of pediatric athletes, with similar prevalence in boys and girls. Boys showed more notched ERP, while girls had more slurred ERP, indicating sex-specific patterns.

Keywords:
early repolarizationelectrocardiographypediatric athletesphysiologic cardiac adaptationsex differences

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Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
05:48

Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology

Published on: September 21, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Sports Medicine
  • Pediatric Health

Background:

  • Early repolarization pattern (ERP) is a common electrocardiographic finding.
  • Understanding its prevalence and characteristics in pediatric athletes is crucial for differentiating normal adaptations from pathology.
  • Sex-specific differences in cardiac repolarization patterns are increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence and characteristics of early repolarization pattern (ERP) in pediatric athletes.
  • To investigate potential sex differences in the morphology and ECG parameters of ERP among young athletes.
  • To assess the association of ERP with other electrocardiographic findings in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective observational study conducted during a large popular race in Geneva from 2018 to 2024.
  • Included 428 pediatric athletes aged 8–17 years, training at least 6 hours per week.
  • Electrocardiography (ECG) was performed and interpreted using Macfarlane criteria for ERP, with analysis of morphology and sex-related differences.

Main Results:

  • Early repolarization pattern (ERP) was present in 14.5% of participants, with similar prevalence in boys (16.4%) and girls (13.1%).
  • Boys more frequently exhibited notched ERP and ascending ST slopes, whereas girls predominantly showed slurred ERP and flat/descending slopes.
  • Athletes with ERP had shorter QRS duration, shorter QTc interval, and a more leftward P-wave axis, with a higher frequency of normal ECG findings (98.3%) compared to those without ERP (72.1%).

Conclusions:

  • Early repolarization pattern (ERP) is a common finding in pediatric athletes, occurring in approximately 1 in 7 individuals.
  • ERP in this cohort was associated with benign electrocardiographic adaptations.
  • Despite similar overall prevalence, distinct sex-related morphological differences in ERP were observed, with boys showing notched patterns and girls showing slurred patterns.