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Stimulus Predictability and Liking Enhance Auditory-Motor Encoding and Memory for Melodies.

Alexander W Albury1,2, Roberta Bianco3, Aaron P Johnson1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|June 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Musical predictability and pleasure enhance learning and memory for melodies. Increased arousal, linked to these factors, improves auditory encoding, motor skills, and recognition.

Keywords:
auditory encodingmotor learningmusical predictionpupillometryreward

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Music Cognition
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Anticipating musical events enhances music enjoyment and memory.
  • The role of predictability and pleasure in learning to play music is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how musical predictability and pleasure affect melody learning in nonmusicians.
  • Examine the influence of these factors on post-learning recall and attention.

Main Methods:

  • Participants rated melody pleasure and predictability.
  • Pupil dilation measured attention and arousal during listening.
  • Motor learning and recall assessed after learning melody endings.

Main Results:

  • Pupil dilation correlated with predictability and liking.
  • Predictable melodies led to better motor learning (lower asynchrony).
  • Liked melodies showed steeper learning slopes; predictable melodies improved recall.

Conclusions:

  • Arousal links predictability and pleasure to auditory encoding and motor learning.
  • Predictability and pleasure are crucial for learning and remembering music.
  • Individual differences in arousal and learning relate to recognition performance.