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Related Concept Videos

Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System01:26

Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System

At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
Managed Care System:
The managed care system is designed to control the cost while maintaining the quality of care. The patient's care from admission to discharge is planned by the primary care provider or the case manager, also known as the gatekeeper. In a managed care system, the number of care providers is limited...
International Nursing Organizations II01:28

International Nursing Organizations II

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations based in Geneva. The WHO has many initiatives that center around health. Primarily, they lead global efforts to expand universal health coverage using science-based policies and programs. They are also responsible for shaping health research agendas and developing norms and standards.
The WHO provides expert team support, including funding, vaccines, testing, and treatment tools at the country level to fight...
Primary Healthcare Services01:30

Primary Healthcare Services

Primary care promotes wellness and prevents disease. This care includes health promotion, education, protection (such as immunizations), early disease screening, and environmental considerations. Settings providing this type of healthcare include physician offices, public health clinics, school nursing, and community health nursing.
In 1978, international leaders convened in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, for what would be a pivotal event in global health. The Alma-Ata Declaration was the first to call...
Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
Levels of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention01:26

Levels of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention

Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
In primary prevention, actions taken before disease onset prevent the disease from...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

A Point-of-Care Method with Integrated Decision Support Tool to Estimate Anemia at Population Level
05:35

A Point-of-Care Method with Integrated Decision Support Tool to Estimate Anemia at Population Level

Published on: January 19, 2024

Evaluating global health programmes targeting under-5 mortality: problems and recommendations.

Avi Kenny1,2, Mark J Siedner3,4, John D Kraemer5,6

  • 1Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA avi.kenny@duke.edu.

BMJ Global Health
|June 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reducing under-5 mortality rates (U5MR) requires better evaluation methods. Focusing on intermediate outcomes, not just U5MR, offers timelier, more reliable data for public health interventions in low-income countries.

Keywords:
Child healthGlobal HealthHealth policyHealth systems evaluation

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Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model
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Published on: October 31, 2010

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Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model
23:56

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

Published on: October 31, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Global Health
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Reducing the under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) is a critical global health objective, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
  • Numerous interventions are implemented through multi-sectoral partnerships to address high U5MR.
  • Large-scale evaluations often use U5MR as a primary outcome to guide policy and investment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and discuss the scientific, pragmatic, and ethical challenges of using U5MR as a primary outcome in intervention evaluations.
  • To propose alternative evaluation strategies for interventions aimed at reducing U5MR at the population level.
  • To highlight the limitations of using single-study results for policy decisions.

Main Methods:

  • Critical analysis of six problems associated with U5MR-targeted evaluations.
  • Distinction between U5MR as an outcome for clinical trials versus population-level interventions.
  • Recommendation for specifying intermediate outcomes for public health interventions.

Main Results:

  • U5MR is most appropriate as an outcome for trials of new curative treatments for life-threatening conditions.
  • Evaluating population-level interventions requires intermediate outcomes for timelier and more reliable causal inference.
  • Relying on single studies for policy decisions presents significant limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Evaluations for interventions aiming to prevent disease or improve implementation should focus on intermediate outcomes.
  • Rigorous methodology, including national U5MR measurement, verbal/social autopsies, and mixed-methods implementation research, is essential.
  • Incorporating local implementer knowledge is crucial for effective public health strategies.