Three-dimensional (3D) printing of cellulose/metal-organic frameworks (CelloMOFs)-based materials

The integration of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), cellulose-derived materials, and additive printing presents a robust approach for producing tailored, high-performance porous structures. MOFs offer a remarkably high active area, adjustable porosity, and chemical functionality; however, their limited processability and mechanical fragility hinder commercial application. Cellulose and its derivatives mitigate these issues by providing sustainability, enhanced mechanical strength, adjustable rheology, and a diverse range of surface chemistries. This review highlights developments in the three-dimensional (3D) printing of cellulose/MOF (CelloMOF) composites. It focuses on strategies to customize the structural, mechanical, and functional attributes of 3D-printed cellulose/MOF composite materials. 3D printing methodologies, e.g., extrusion-based printing, direct ink writing (DIW, or robocasting), and inkjet/reactive inkjet printing, are examined in conjunction with ex situ and in situ strategies for MOF integration. The utilization of 3D-printed CelloMOF composites in biological, electrical, textile, environmental, and energy sectors is emphasized. Furthermore, the existing constraints regarding printability, stability, and scalability are examined, and prospective advancements facilitated by artificial intelligence (AI) in the exploration, design, and enhancement of MOFs and printable composite systems are highlighted. Collectively, these advancements may advance 3D-printed cellulose/MOF composites as a viable foundation for next-generation functional and sustainable materials.